COM(2011)128 - GREEN PAPER On on-line gambling in the Internal Market

official title

 

Legal instrument	Green paper
Decision making procedure	Own-initiative procedure (INI)
reference by COM-number201	COM(2011)128
Additional COM-numbers	SEC(2011)321
procedure number203	2011/2084(INI)
CELEX number204	52011DC0128

This page is also available in a full version containing the latest state of affairs, the summary of the European Parliament Legislative Observatory, the legal context, other dossiers related to the dossier at hand, the stakeholders involved (e.g. European Commission directorates-general, European Parliament committees, Council configurations and even individual EU Commissioners and Members of the European Parliament) and finally documents of the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and the European Commission.

• 1. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 2. 

  The Commission is aware that certain on-line gambling services are regulated for at a regional level in a number of Member States. However, for reasons of simplicity, this Green paper only refers to 'Member States' or 'national'.
  
   
• 3. 

  The notion of 'grey' market is often used to describe a factual or legal situation in the context of EU law (regarding for instance, i.a., the parallel imports of goods). For the purpose of this consultation, it is used to describe markets consisting of operators duly licensed in one or more Member States providing on-line gambling services in other Member States without having obtained an authorisation to do so under the corresponding national legislation. In contrast, illegal or black markets are used to describe markets on which unlicensed operators seek to provide on-line gambling services.
  
   
• 4. 

  Cyber-criminality in Online Gaming, White Paper by CERT-LEXSI, (Laboratoire d'Expertise en Securite Informatique), July 2006. www.lexsi.com/telecharger
  
   
• 5. 

  Presidency progress report, presented on 1 December 2008 (doc ref 16022/08).
  
   
• 6. 

  Presidency progress report, presented on 3 December 2009, (doc ref 16571/09).
  
   
• 7. 

  Presidency progress report, presented on 25 May 2010, (doc ref 9495/10).
  
   
• 8. 

  Conclusions on the framework for gambling and betting in the EU Member States, adopted at the 3057th Competitiveness Council meeting, Brussels, 10 December 2010. Council document 16884/10.
  
   
• 9. 

  The resolution followed the SCHALDEMOSE report. See European Parliament resolution of 10 March 2009 on the integrity of online gambling (2008/2215(INI)); P6-2009-0097. These issues include advertising and marketing and under age people (p 29), fraud and criminal behaviour (p. 30) and integrity, social responsibility, consumer protection and taxation (p. 31).
  
   
• 10. 

  See section 1.2: subsection ' EU secondary legislation relevant to on-line gambling '.
  
   
• 11. 

  H2 Gambling Capital (2008 figures).
  
   
• 12. 

  EGBA and H2 Gambling Capital, 2009, www.egba.eu/pdf/EGBA_FS_MarketReality.pdf
  
   
• 13. 

  Internet Protocol Television.
  
   
• 14. 

  SICL study, page 1407, ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 15. 

  See Report on retail Market monitoring, 5 July 2010 - COM(2010) 355.
  
   
• 16. 

  H2 Gambling Capital.
  
   
• 17. 

  H2 Gambling Capital.
  
   
• 18. 

  For a more on the stakeholders and their interests, see 'Staff working document'.
  
   
• 19. 

  Specific scores for market in specific countries (dashboards), the overall report (where gambling is dealt with on page 243), tables, etc. can be found at this link:
  
   
• 20. 

  COM(2006) 160, 4.4.2006. Currently Article 2(2)(h) of the Services Directive expressly excludes gambling activities.
  
   
• 21. 

  Commission launched inquires into restrictions on sports betting services in a number of Member States on 4 April 2006 (IP/06/436). The Commission was criticised for not processing these complaints fast enough by the European ombudsman following a complaint lodged with his office by the European Parliament (Case number: 289/2005) .
  
   
• 22. 

  151 notifications relating to gambling were notified to the Commission under Directive 98/34/EC laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ L 204, 21.7.1998, p.37) (amended by Directive 98/48/EC (OJ L 217, 5.8.1998, p. 18)) 2005 - 2010. See also: ec.europa.eu/enterprise/tris/index_en
  
   
• 23. 

  Study on gambling services in the EU Internal Market, by the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law. See ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 24. 

  587 cases, most of these cases were dealt with by German Courts.
  
   
• 25. 

  Case C-275/92, ECR 1994 Page I-01039.
  
   
• 26. 

  Case C-243/01, ECR 2003 Page I-13031.
  
   
• 27. 

  C-275/92, ECR 1994 Page I-01039; Case C-124/97, ECR 1999 Page I-06067; Case C-67/98, ECR 1999 Page I-07289.
  
   
• 28. 

  Case C-67/98, ECR 1999 Page I-07289; Case C-243/01, ECR 2003 Page I-13031.
  
   
• 29. 

  Case C-243/01, ECR 2003 Page I-13031.
  
   
• 30. 

  Case C-203/08, ECR
   
• 31. 

  Case C-42/07, ECR
   
• 32. 

  Case C-42/07, cited above,
   
• 33. 

  Case C-46/08, ECR
   
• 34. 

  See IP/10/504 (Italy) and IP/10/1597 (France). The Commission has also closed a case against Austria (no IP)
  
   
• 35. 

  Case C35/2010 - DA - Duties for online gaming in the Danish Gaming Duties Act (OJ C 22, 22.1.2011) and IP/19/1711. See also Staff working document Section 2.3.
  
   
• 36. 

  See Section 2.1 of the Staff working paper.
  
   
• 37. 

  For a more complete listing of EU secondary legislation, see 'Staff working document'.
  
   
• 38. 

  OJ L 95, 15.4.2010, p. 1.
  
   
• 39. 

  OJ L 149, 11.6.2005, p. 22.
  
   
• 40. 

  OJ L 144, 4.6.1997, p. 19.
  
   
• 41. 

  OJ L 309, 25.11.2005, p. 15.
  
   
• 42. 

  OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.
  
   
• 43. 

  OJ L 201, 31.7.2002, p. 37.
  
   
• 44. 

  OJ L 347, 11.12.2006, p. 1.
  
   
• 45. 

  OJ L 178, 17.0.2000, p. 1.
  
   
• 46. 

  OJ L 376, 27.12.2006, p. 36
  
   
• 47. 

  Mobile Commerce - completed by using mobile access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic device (for example a mobile phone).
  
   
• 48. 

  In a proposal for a regulation concerning sales promotions on the Internal Market - COM(2001)546 - the Commission drew a distinction between games of chance and games of skill. This was necessary due to differing national definitions of 'chance'. Such differences could also be explaining differing national regulations of certain betting activities or poker.
  
   
• 49. 

  Case C-55/94, ECR 1995, Page I-4165.
  
   
• 50. 

  Case C-386/04, ECR 2006, Page I-8203.
  
   
• 51. 

  The e-commerce directive, cited in footnote 47, recital (19).
  
   
• 52. 

  A cloud is a platform or infrastructure that enables execution of code (services, applications etc.), in a managed and elastic fashion.
  
   
• 53. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 54. 

  The Commission is aware that certain on-line gambling services are regulated for at a regional level in a number of Member States. However, for reasons of simplicity, this Green paper only refers to 'Member States' or 'national'.
  
   
• 55. 

  The notion of 'grey' market is often used to describe a factual or legal situation in the context of EU law (regarding for instance, i.a., the parallel imports of goods). For the purpose of this consultation, it is used to describe markets consisting of operators duly licensed in one or more Member States providing on-line gambling services in other Member States without having obtained an authorisation to do so under the corresponding national legislation. In contrast, illegal or black markets are used to describe markets on which unlicensed operators seek to provide on-line gambling services.
  
   
• 56. 

  ICC International Code on Sponsorship (2003)
  
   
• 57. 

  European Commission estimates based on information from operators that accept deposits from customers who are resident in another Member State (February 2010).
  
   
• 58. 

  See also A Digital Agenda for Europe - COM(2010) 245, 19.5.2010.
  
   
• 59. 

  The UK Gambling Commission conducts a rolling programme of mystery shopping on gambling websites as part of its compliance activity, see www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/.
  
   
• 60. 

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. for pathological gambling, American Psychiatric Association, 1994. A publication of the 5th edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) is foreseen for May 2013.
  
   
• 61. 

  The South Oaks Gambling Screen, Lesieur
   
• 62. 

  BE, DK, EE, FI, DE, NL, SE and UK.
  
   
• 63. 

  ES, HU, IT, LT, RO and SK.
  
   
• 64. 

  M. Griffiths , Problem gambling in Europe: An overview, Appex Communications, April 2009.
  
   
• 65. 

  BE, EE, NL and UK.
  
   
• 66. 

  FI, DE and MT.
  
   
• 67. 

  Cyber-criminality in Online Gaming, White Paper by CERT-LEXSI, (Laboratoire d'Expertise en Securite Informatique), July 2006. www.lexsi.com/telecharger
  
   
• 68. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 69. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 70. 

  Data from 7 Member States, M. Griffiths , Problem gambling in Europe: An overview, Appex Communications, April 2009.
  
   
• 71. 

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
  
   
• 72. 

  Draft of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed., American Psychiatric Association, publication planned for 2013.
  
   
• 73. 

  The study was carried out in a research partnership with bwin who made its customer database available.
  
   
• 74. 

  LaBrie, LaPlante, Nelson, Schaffer, Assessing the Playing Field: A prospective Longitudinal Study of Internet Sports Gambling behaviour (with Schumann,) Journal of Gambling Studies, 2008; Inside the virtual casino: A prospective longitudinal study of Internet casino gambling (with Kaplan), European Journal of Public Health, 2008 and Population trends in Internet sports gambling" (with Schumann),Computers in Human Behaviour, 2008.
  
   
• 75. 

  Svenska Spel, The cost of gambling. An analysis of the socio-economic costs resulting from problem gambling in Sweden. Council of the EU. DS 406/09. Brussels, 2009.
  
   
• 76. 

  For example: Finland and UK.
  
   
• 77. 

  Addiction rates among past year gamblers. British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007 , National Centre for Social Research, Sept 2007.
  
   
• 78. 

  Only 4 Member States (AT, EE, FI and UK) provided the Commission with information on problem gambling in the context of the Commissions study 'Study on gambling services in the EU Internal Market', Chapter 9.9, p. 1453, cited above.
  
   
• 79. 

  The age of majority in all Member States except Austria is 18 (Austria 19).
  
   
• 80. 

  E.g. criminal organisations based in China or Croatia have been involved in match fixing in BE, DE and FI.
  
   
• 81. 

  This should not be considered to be associated with delayed winnings where a licensed operator withholds winnings for due diligence purposes without giving the player sufficient information why this is done. The operator should in such cases explain why the payment is withheld. The most common explanation for such delays is additional customer identification controls.
  
   
• 82. 

  On-line poker rooms are aware of this scam and are seeking to detect perpetrators before their cash-outs are approved.
  
   
• 83. 

  A stored-value card refers to monetary value on a card not in an externally recorded account and differs from prepaid cards where money is on deposit with the issuer similar to a debit card.
  
   
• 84. 

  Cited in Section 1.2.
  
   
• 85. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 86. 

  The Commission is aware that certain on-line gambling services are regulated for at a regional level in a number of Member States. However, for reasons of simplicity, this Green paper only refers to 'Member States' or 'national'.
  
   
• 87. 

  The notion of 'grey' market is often used to describe a factual or legal situation in the context of EU law (regarding for instance, i.a., the parallel imports of goods). For the purpose of this consultation, it is used to describe markets consisting of operators duly licensed in one or more Member States providing on-line gambling services in other Member States without having obtained an authorisation to do so under the corresponding national legislation. In contrast, illegal or black markets are used to describe markets on which unlicensed operators seek to provide on-line gambling services.
  
   
• 88. 

  Cyber-criminality in Online Gaming, White Paper by CERT-LEXSI, (Laboratoire d'Expertise en Securite Informatique), July 2006. www.lexsi.com/telecharger
  
   
• 89. 

  www.world-check.com
  
   
• 90. 

  www.eu-ssa.org/Home/tabid/36/Default.aspx
  
   
• 91. 

  The French Institute (CERT-LEXI) analysed 70 million websites in 2005 and found 14823 sites offering online gambling. Only 2005 websites were subject to a licence.
  
   
• 92. 

  E.g. case C-67/98 (Zenatti)
   
• 93. 

  See also the Commission's Communication 'Developing the European Dimension in Sport' - COM(2011) 12, which notes the need to take account of the sustainable financing of sport when addressing the provision of gambling services in the Internal Market (page 9)
  
   
• 94. 

  Organisations or companies responsible for benevolent or public-interest activities may, to varying degrees, be allowed to enter into agreement with private operators that provide the gambling platform and promote the gambling services (who fully or partly runs the operations and receives economic compensation for this).
  
   
• 95. 

  COM(2011)12 p. 9
  
   
• 96. 

  The differing authorities at national level that carry out the regulatory tasks are as follows: (i) A ministry with no specialised office; (ii) A specialised office within a ministry; (iii) A ministerial office located outside the ministry; (iv) An agency/inspectorate under ministerial control; and (v) A State recognised independent regulatory body.
  
   
• 97. 

  www.gref.net/index
  
   
• 98. 

  Italian experiences suggest that millions of redirections take place every week.
  
   
• 99. 

  The MCC used for gambling is 7995.
  
   
• 100. 

  Presidency progress report, presented on 25 May 2010, (doc ref 9495/10).
  
   
• 101. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 102. 

  The Commission is aware that certain on-line gambling services are regulated for at a regional level in a number of Member States. However, for reasons of simplicity, this Green paper only refers to 'Member States' or 'national'.
  
   
• 103. 

  The notion of 'grey' market is often used to describe a factual or legal situation in the context of EU law (regarding for instance, i.a., the parallel imports of goods). For the purpose of this consultation, it is used to describe markets consisting of operators duly licensed in one or more Member States providing on-line gambling services in other Member States without having obtained an authorisation to do so under the corresponding national legislation. In contrast, illegal or black markets are used to describe markets on which unlicensed operators seek to provide on-line gambling services.
  
   
• 104. 

  Cyber-criminality in Online Gaming, White Paper by CERT-LEXSI, (Laboratoire d'Expertise en Securite Informatique), July 2006. www.lexsi.com/telecharger
  
   
• 105. 

  Presidency progress report, presented on 1 December 2008 (doc ref 16022/08).
  
   
• 106. 

  Presidency progress report, presented on 3 December 2009, (doc ref 16571/09).
  
   
• 107. 

  Presidency progress report, presented on 25 May 2010, (doc ref 9495/10).
  
   
• 108. 

  Conclusions on the framework for gambling and betting in the EU Member States, adopted at the 3057th Competitiveness Council meeting, Brussels, 10 December 2010. Council document 16884/10.
  
   
• 109. 

  The resolution followed the SCHALDEMOSE report. See European Parliament resolution of 10 March 2009 on the integrity of online gambling (2008/2215(INI)); P6-2009-0097. These issues include advertising and marketing and under age people (p 29), fraud and criminal behaviour (p. 30) and integrity, social responsibility, consumer protection and taxation (p. 31).
  
   
• 110. 

  See section 1.2: subsection ' EU secondary legislation relevant to on-line gambling '.
  
   
• 111. 

  H2 Gambling Capital (2008 figures).
  
   
• 112. 

  EGBA and H2 Gambling Capital, 2009, www.egba.eu/pdf/EGBA_FS_MarketReality.pdf
  
   
• 113. 

  Internet Protocol Television.
  
   
• 114. 

  SICL study, page 1407, ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 115. 

  See Report on retail Market monitoring, 5 July 2010 - COM(2010) 355.
  
   
• 116. 

  H2 Gambling Capital.
  
   
• 117. 

  H2 Gambling Capital.
  
   
• 118. 

  For a more on the stakeholders and their interests, see 'Staff working document'.
  
   
• 119. 

  Specific scores for market in specific countries (dashboards), the overall report (where gambling is dealt with on page 243), tables, etc. can be found at this link:
  
   
• 120. 

  COM(2006) 160, 4.4.2006. Currently Article 2(2)(h) of the Services Directive expressly excludes gambling activities.
  
   
• 121. 

  Commission launched inquires into restrictions on sports betting services in a number of Member States on 4 April 2006 (IP/06/436). The Commission was criticised for not processing these complaints fast enough by the European ombudsman following a complaint lodged with his office by the European Parliament (Case number: 289/2005) .
  
   
• 122. 

  151 notifications relating to gambling were notified to the Commission under Directive 98/34/EC laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ L 204, 21.7.1998, p.37) (amended by Directive 98/48/EC (OJ L 217, 5.8.1998, p. 18)) 2005 - 2010. See also: ec.europa.eu/enterprise/tris/index_en
  
   
• 123. 

  Study on gambling services in the EU Internal Market, by the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law. See ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 124. 

  587 cases, most of these cases were dealt with by German Courts.
  
   
• 125. 

  Case C-275/92, ECR 1994 Page I-01039.
  
   
• 126. 

  Case C-243/01, ECR 2003 Page I-13031.
  
   
• 127. 

  C-275/92, ECR 1994 Page I-01039; Case C-124/97, ECR 1999 Page I-06067; Case C-67/98, ECR 1999 Page I-07289.
  
   
• 128. 

  Case C-67/98, ECR 1999 Page I-07289; Case C-243/01, ECR 2003 Page I-13031.
  
   
• 129. 

  Case C-243/01, ECR 2003 Page I-13031.
  
   
• 130. 

  Case C-203/08, ECR
   
• 131. 

  Case C-42/07, ECR
   
• 132. 

  Case C-42/07, cited above,
   
• 133. 

  Case C-46/08, ECR
   
• 134. 

  See IP/10/504 (Italy) and IP/10/1597 (France). The Commission has also closed a case against Austria (no IP)
  
   
• 135. 

  Case C35/2010 - DA - Duties for online gaming in the Danish Gaming Duties Act (OJ C 22, 22.1.2011) and IP/19/1711. See also Staff working document Section 2.3.
  
   
• 136. 

  See Section 2.1 of the Staff working paper.
  
   
• 137. 

  For a more complete listing of EU secondary legislation, see 'Staff working document'.
  
   
• 138. 

  OJ L 95, 15.4.2010, p. 1.
  
   
• 139. 

  OJ L 149, 11.6.2005, p. 22.
  
   
• 140. 

  OJ L 144, 4.6.1997, p. 19.
  
   
• 141. 

  OJ L 309, 25.11.2005, p. 15.
  
   
• 142. 

  OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.
  
   
• 143. 

  OJ L 201, 31.7.2002, p. 37.
  
   
• 144. 

  OJ L 347, 11.12.2006, p. 1.
  
   
• 145. 

  OJ L 178, 17.0.2000, p. 1.
  
   
• 146. 

  OJ L 376, 27.12.2006, p. 36
  
   
• 147. 

  Mobile Commerce - completed by using mobile access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic device (for example a mobile phone).
  
   
• 148. 

  In a proposal for a regulation concerning sales promotions on the Internal Market - COM(2001)546 - the Commission drew a distinction between games of chance and games of skill. This was necessary due to differing national definitions of 'chance'. Such differences could also be explaining differing national regulations of certain betting activities or poker.
  
   
• 149. 

  Case C-55/94, ECR 1995, Page I-4165.
  
   
• 150. 

  Case C-386/04, ECR 2006, Page I-8203.
  
   
• 151. 

  The e-commerce directive, cited in footnote 47, recital (19).
  
   
• 152. 

  A cloud is a platform or infrastructure that enables execution of code (services, applications etc.), in a managed and elastic fashion.
  
   
• 153. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 154. 

  The Commission is aware that certain on-line gambling services are regulated for at a regional level in a number of Member States. However, for reasons of simplicity, this Green paper only refers to 'Member States' or 'national'.
  
   
• 155. 

  The notion of 'grey' market is often used to describe a factual or legal situation in the context of EU law (regarding for instance, i.a., the parallel imports of goods). For the purpose of this consultation, it is used to describe markets consisting of operators duly licensed in one or more Member States providing on-line gambling services in other Member States without having obtained an authorisation to do so under the corresponding national legislation. In contrast, illegal or black markets are used to describe markets on which unlicensed operators seek to provide on-line gambling services.
  
   
• 156. 

  ICC International Code on Sponsorship (2003)
  
   
• 157. 

  European Commission estimates based on information from operators that accept deposits from customers who are resident in another Member State (February 2010).
  
   
• 158. 

  See also A Digital Agenda for Europe - COM(2010) 245, 19.5.2010.
  
   
• 159. 

  The UK Gambling Commission conducts a rolling programme of mystery shopping on gambling websites as part of its compliance activity, see www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/.
  
   
• 160. 

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. for pathological gambling, American Psychiatric Association, 1994. A publication of the 5th edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) is foreseen for May 2013.
  
   
• 161. 

  The South Oaks Gambling Screen, Lesieur
   
• 162. 

  BE, DK, EE, FI, DE, NL, SE and UK.
  
   
• 163. 

  ES, HU, IT, LT, RO and SK.
  
   
• 164. 

  M. Griffiths , Problem gambling in Europe: An overview, Appex Communications, April 2009.
  
   
• 165. 

  BE, EE, NL and UK.
  
   
• 166. 

  FI, DE and MT.
  
   
• 167. 

  Cyber-criminality in Online Gaming, White Paper by CERT-LEXSI, (Laboratoire d'Expertise en Securite Informatique), July 2006. www.lexsi.com/telecharger
  
   
• 168. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 169. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 170. 

  Data from 7 Member States, M. Griffiths , Problem gambling in Europe: An overview, Appex Communications, April 2009.
  
   
• 171. 

  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
  
   
• 172. 

  Draft of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed., American Psychiatric Association, publication planned for 2013.
  
   
• 173. 

  The study was carried out in a research partnership with bwin who made its customer database available.
  
   
• 174. 

  LaBrie, LaPlante, Nelson, Schaffer, Assessing the Playing Field: A prospective Longitudinal Study of Internet Sports Gambling behaviour (with Schumann,) Journal of Gambling Studies, 2008; Inside the virtual casino: A prospective longitudinal study of Internet casino gambling (with Kaplan), European Journal of Public Health, 2008 and Population trends in Internet sports gambling" (with Schumann),Computers in Human Behaviour, 2008.
  
   
• 175. 

  Svenska Spel, The cost of gambling. An analysis of the socio-economic costs resulting from problem gambling in Sweden. Council of the EU. DS 406/09. Brussels, 2009.
  
   
• 176. 

  For example: Finland and UK.
  
   
• 177. 

  Addiction rates among past year gamblers. British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007 , National Centre for Social Research, Sept 2007.
  
   
• 178. 

  Only 4 Member States (AT, EE, FI and UK) provided the Commission with information on problem gambling in the context of the Commissions study 'Study on gambling services in the EU Internal Market', Chapter 9.9, p. 1453, cited above.
  
   
• 179. 

  The age of majority in all Member States except Austria is 18 (Austria 19).
  
   
• 180. 

  E.g. criminal organisations based in China or Croatia have been involved in match fixing in BE, DE and FI.
  
   
• 181. 

  This should not be considered to be associated with delayed winnings where a licensed operator withholds winnings for due diligence purposes without giving the player sufficient information why this is done. The operator should in such cases explain why the payment is withheld. The most common explanation for such delays is additional customer identification controls.
  
   
• 182. 

  On-line poker rooms are aware of this scam and are seeking to detect perpetrators before their cash-outs are approved.
  
   
• 183. 

  A stored-value card refers to monetary value on a card not in an externally recorded account and differs from prepaid cards where money is on deposit with the issuer similar to a debit card.
  
   
• 184. 

  Cited in Section 1.2.
  
   
• 185. 

  There is limited data available for on-line gambling. These figures provided by H2 Gambling Capital, are estimates primarily based on public information provided by regulators, monopolies and companies. Further guidance and data have also been supplied on a confidential basis (2008 figures). H2 Gambling Capital has also assessed the Member States serviced by operators where not primary information is available. For more detailed information on these figures:ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/gambling_en
  
   
• 186. 

  The Commission is aware that certain on-line gambling services are regulated for at a regional level in a number of Member States. However, for reasons of simplicity, this Green paper only refers to 'Member States' or 'national'.
  
   
• 187. 

  The notion of 'grey' market is often used to describe a factual or legal situation in the context of EU law (regarding for instance, i.a., the parallel imports of goods). For the purpose of this consultation, it is used to describe markets consisting of operators duly licensed in one or more Member States providing on-line gambling services in other Member States without having obtained an authorisation to do so under the corresponding national legislation. In contrast, illegal or black markets are used to describe markets on which unlicensed operators seek to provide on-line gambling services.
  
   
• 188. 

  Cyber-criminality in Online Gaming, White Paper by CERT-LEXSI, (Laboratoire d'Expertise en Securite Informatique), July 2006. www.lexsi.com/telecharger
  
   
• 189. 

  www.world-check.com
  
   
• 190. 

  www.eu-ssa.org/Home/tabid/36/Default.aspx
  
   
• 191. 

  The French Institute (CERT-LEXI) analysed 70 million websites in 2005 and found 14823 sites offering online gambling. Only 2005 websites were subject to a licence.
  
   
• 192. 

  E.g. case C-67/98 (Zenatti)
   
• 193. 

  See also the Commission's Communication 'Developing the European Dimension in Sport' - COM(2011) 12, which notes the need to take account of the sustainable financing of sport when addressing the provision of gambling services in the Internal Market (page 9)
  
   
• 194. 

  Organisations or companies responsible for benevolent or public-interest activities may, to varying degrees, be allowed to enter into agreement with private operators that provide the gambling platform and promote the gambling services (who fully or partly runs the operations and receives economic compensation for this).
  
   
• 195. 

  COM(2011)12 p. 9
  
   
• 196. 

  The differing authorities at national level that carry out the regulatory tasks are as follows: (i) A ministry with no specialised office; (ii) A specialised office within a ministry; (iii) A ministerial office located outside the ministry; (iv) An agency/inspectorate under ministerial control; and (v) A State recognised independent regulatory body.
  
   
• 197. 

  www.gref.net/index
  
   
• 198. 

  Italian experiences suggest that millions of redirections take place every week.
  
   
• 199. 

  The MCC used for gambling is
   
• 200. 

  Presidency progress report, presented on 25 May 2010, (doc ref 9495/10).
  
   
• 201. 

  De Europese Commissie kent nummers toe aan officiële documenten van de Europese Unie. De Commissie maakt onderscheid in een aantal typen documenten door middel van het toekennen van verschillende nummerseries. Het onderscheid is gebaseerd op het soort document en/of de instelling van de Unie van wie het document afkomstig is.
   
• 202. 

  De Raad van de Europese Unie kent aan wetgevingsdossiers een uniek toe. Dit nummer bestaat uit een vijfcijferig volgnummer gevolgd door een schuine streep met de laatste twee cijfers van het jaartal, bijvoorbeeld 12345/00 - een document met nummer 12345 uit het jaar 2000.
   
• 203. 

  Het interinstitutionele nummer is een nummerreeks die binnen de Europese Unie toegekend wordt aan voorstellen voor regelgeving van de Europese Commissie.
  Binnen de Europese Unie worden nog een aantal andere nummerseries gebruikt. Iedere instelling heeft één of meerdere sets documenten met ieder een eigen nummering. Die reeksen komen niet overeen met elkaar of het interinstitutioneel nummer.
   
• 204. 

  Deze databank van de Europese Unie biedt de mogelijkheid de actuele werkzaamheden (workflow) van de Europese instellingen (Europees Parlement, Raad, ESC, Comité van de Regio's, Europese Centrale Bank, Hof van Justitie enz.) te volgen. EURlex volgt alle voorstellen (zoals wetgevende en begrotingsdossiers) en mededelingen van de Commissie, vanaf het moment dat ze aan de Raad of het Europees Parlement worden voorgelegd.
   
• 205. 

  Als dag van bekendmaking van een Europees besluit geldt de dag waarop het besluit in het Publicatieblad wordt bekendgemaakt, en daardoor in alle officiële talen van de Europese Unie bij het Publicatiebureau beschikbaar is.