Annexes to JOIN(2018)28 - Elements for an EU strategy on India

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dossier JOIN(2018)28 - Elements for an EU strategy on India.
document JOIN(2018)28 EN
date November 20, 2018
Agreement. Both sides are fully committed to its implementation and have enhanced cooperation in multilateral fora. To support the implementation of the Paris Agreement, the EU will seek closer cooperation on climate change mitigation and adaptation and mutual learning to inform the development of the long-term strategies to be submitted under the Agreement. Similarly, cooperation is essential for developing an ambitious post 2020 global framework on biodiversity.

As energy demand grows, India’s ties with the international energy system will deepen, as will its stake in global energy security. Closer coordination will be needed at multilateral level to accelerate the global clean energy transition, build sustainable, affordable, reliable and modern energy services, and to find responses to geopolitical challenges generated by this ongoing transition.

The EU and its Member States are the world’s leading donors of development assistance 8 . India is an important development player in its own region and beyond and its development assistance has risen sharply since the start of the decade. The EU’s relationship with India on development is changing to a partnership between development actors. Together, India and the EU can effectively tackle global challenges, including the Sustainable Development Goals, which India has played an important role in shaping. The EU will seek to strengthen its engagement with India based on mutual priorities, including through facilitating sustainable investment, cooperation in promoting and implementing the 2030 Agenda, triangular cooperation and South-South modalities.

The EU and India are key actors in using space for research and development, earth observation, outer space surveillance, communication and satellite navigation. Closer cooperation on transparency and confidence building measures in outer space, as well as on space security and safety and space debris mitigation should be developed.

India and the EU should also step up their research and innovation cooperation within international fora such as Mission Innovation, the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases or the Belmont Forum to jointly address global challenges.

Proposed actions:

·Step-up coordination with India at multilateral level to strengthen global action on climate change, including the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, on the environment and clean energy, supported by enhanced cooperation in international fora on research and innovation.

·Support the implementation of the Paris Agreement, share knowledge on modelling and the development of low emissions scenarios to inform mid-century low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, as well as on climate change adaptation.

·Work together in addressing major environment challenges, stepping up the implementation of existing biodiversity targets and developing an ambitious new global biodiversity framework for adoption in 2020,  while maximising links with climate change policies.

·Continue to actively support the International Solar Alliance, including through the European Investment Bank.

·Enhance EU-India’s partnership on development cooperation to promote sustainable investment, pursue triangular cooperation in third countries, explore synergies in international fora and promote sustainable connectivity.

·Identify common priorities and partner with India on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.

·Deepen systematic space cooperation between the EU, including the European Space Agency, and Indian side, inter alia through economic and scientific cooperation agreements. Enhance collaboration in earth observation to tackle challenges from environmental protection and climate change to ocean monitoring, also creating business opportunities to design products for local user needs.

1.3.    Realising the untapped potential of the trade and investment relationship

While the EU was India’s first trading partner with 14% of its total trade in goods in 2017, India was the EU’s 9th largest trading partner, accounting for only 2.2% 9 . Considering the size of the two economies, these figures fall short of the potential of two-way trade between the EU and India. The EU and India should pursue a proactive approach to enhance their trade and investment relations.

Trade and investment have an important role to play in generating the growth required to create jobs, infrastructure and housing in response to the aspirations of the emerging Indian middle-class and the needs of the people still living in poverty. India’s deeper integration into the global economy and a domestic market more open to global trade could help sustain and speed-up its economic growth.

The EU has a direct interest in the success of the economic reforms needed to unleash the full potential of the Indian economy. With an ongoing debate in India on the benefits of trade liberalisation, there is still a strong reliance on exports and inward investment, and reluctance to open up to imports. The EU will continue to encourage India to open up its economy to strengthen its international competitiveness, benefit from a better integration into global value chains, and increase its share in global trade, to bring it more in line with its growing share of global GDP.

The EU’s main objective is to work towards a sound, transparent, open, non-discriminatory and predictable regulatory and business environment for European companies trading with or investing in India, including the protection of their investments and the protection and enforcement of intellectual property. Enhancing market access for EU companies, particularly for SMEs, will require removing existing obstacles and preventing the emergence of new tariff or non-tariff barriers. Technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phyto-sanitary measures, elevated custom duties, mandatory testing and local certification requirements, data localization restrictions, deviation from international standards and agreements, as well as discrimination based on legislative or administrative measures by India affect a wide range of sectors, including goods, services, investment and public procurement.

In this respect, the EU remains firmly committed to working towards comprehensive and balanced agreements with India with sufficient level of ambition to respond to each side's key interests in trade and investment and which contribute to sustainable growth and development in both the EU and India. In particular, the EU will continue to engage with India to ensure that such an agreement will be economically meaningful, delivering real new market openings in all sectors to both sides, and contain a solid rules-based component. It will also have to include a comprehensive trade and sustainable development chapter, notably in order to deal with social and environmental impacts. Ensuring a high level of investment protection in order to remain an attractive destination for new investments is also a key dimension of the EU-India partnership. This is particularly true given the unilateral termination by India of all its Bilateral Investment Treaties, including with EU Member States and ongoing multilateral reform processes of the investor-to-state dispute settlement regime.

The EU and India should use all available channels and fora to ensure fair market access and predictable investment conditions, as well as to promote the full respect by both sides of their multilateral obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other relevant multilateral organisations and fora.

Proposed actions:

·Strengthen engagement with India at a strategic level to identify shared EU-India interests on economic, trade and investment issues, to support and increase EU participation in India’s economic growth and sustainable development. To this end, seek to establish a regular ministerial high level dialogue.

·Negotiating balanced, ambitious and mutually beneficial agreements on trade and investment with a modern framework for investment protection.

·Continue engaging with India to enhance market access, particularly for SMEs, address existing and prevent the emergence of new obstacles, whether tariff or non-tariff barriers, and improve investment conditions.

·Promote European Economic Diplomacy by linking EU-India policy dialogues and discussions with business and technological cooperation.

·Enhance business cooperation by supporting the organisation of regular business summits and business visits to India and encouraging a more active Indian participation into the Enterprise Europe Network and the European Cluster Collaboration Platform.

1.4.    Investing in talent and innovation

Having vibrant democracies and open and diverse societies, the EU and India are at the forefront of human development and innovation. For India, addressing the basic needs of its people, including through frugal innovation, and excelling in high-tech markets are twin objectives. Both areas offer mutually beneficial opportunities for EU-India cooperation. Increased exchanges between students, researchers and professionals would benefit both sides.

The EU and India share a mutual interest in reciprocal mobility of talent. Mobility of researchers and innovators should be promoted in both directions. The EU-India cooperation should also foster innovation by promoting networking between EU and Indian innovators, start-ups, incubators and accelerators, by setting up joint platforms, both offline and virtual, and engaging in coaching, training and staff exchanges. Highly qualified Indian workers could be integrated into EU-led innovation systems industries and help maintain technology-based leadership.

As part of the EU goal to access the best talent, knowledge and resources in the world, the EU has an interest in promoting the participation of more Indian students, researchers, and higher education staff in EU programmes, in particular through Erasmus+, as well as the Research and Innovation Staff Exchange action and Global Fellowships under the Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions. Reciprocal access of EU participation in Indian fellowship programmes should equally be promoted. To effectively boost mobility, the EU will promote the development of quality and transparency tools, ensuring comparability in the standards and quality of higher education qualifications.

While India has many world-class centres for education, fulfilling the potential of the demographic dividend will depend on the modernisation, innovation and internationalisation of the overall Indian higher education system, as well as the enhanced access to inclusive and equitable education, and vocational training. Digitalisation of education may generate new ways of using technology for both teaching and learning, while offering additional opportunities for cooperation between the EU and India. The EU would benefit from cooperation with India on EU priority areas such as science, technology, engineering, mathematics, digital competence and data analysis.

The EU and India would benefit from enhanced intercultural dialogue and people-to-people exchanges, building up on cultural diversity and multilingualism. Culture can deliver major social and economic benefits. The mobility of artists and culture professionals between the EU and India will be encouraged, as well as cooperation on cultural and creative industries, media and the protection and promotion of the world’s cultural heritage.

A better managed migration and mobility between the EU and India is in both sides interest, using a balanced approach. The EU should promote cooperation on legal migration with a view to achieve its own skills objectives, notably on highly-skilled workers such as scientists, IT specialists, engineers and managers. EU Member States should make better use of EU legal migration tools such as the Directives on the Blue Card, students and researchers, intracorporate transferees and seasonal workers, to harvest the Indian talent pool and entrepreneurial spirit. Equally, improved and harmonised cooperation with India is needed on irregular migration, notably to address issues faced in the readmission process. The EU and India should enhance cooperation on return and readmission, and on reducing the use of document fraud which facilitates illegal entry and illegal stay in the EU.

The EU and Member States should cooperate more closely to promote tourism between the EU and India, contributing to improving mutual understanding, economic growth, employment, and social development.

Proposed actions:

·Increase outreach activities by the EU and its Member States to attract more Indian participation in EU programmes through fairs, workshops and seminars, at state and city level.

·Move towards mutual recognition of qualifications.

·Share tools and good practices aimed to develop transferable skills and competences in degree programmes and analyse if higher education graduates have the skills that employers are seeking.

·Support cooperation and exchanges between the cultural and creative sectors in the EU and in India, including through promoting city-to-city cooperation and the Creative Europe programme.

·Engage in more joint activities for cultural heritage preservation and promotion in both the EU and India, promote tourism to the EU, and support youth-exchanges.

·Use of existing tools to their full potential for cooperation on migration and mobility, including the Common Agenda for Migration and Mobility.


2.SECURITY AND STABILITY THROUGH THE RULES-BASED GLOBAL ORDER

Both the EU and India strive for inclusive, effective and rules-based global governance, centred on multilateralism, with the UN at its core. The EU supports India’s greater participation in global governance and has a strong interest in building a solid partnership for global stability and prosperity. There is still significant room to improve coordination with India in the multilateral and regional fora. A better understanding of each other’s positions is essential to identify meaningful shared interests that would benefit a common approach. The EU should seek to continue to engage India on specific issues, from a result oriented perspective.

2.1.    Promoting effective multilateralism

India is an important partner for the EU in building multilateral solutions and addressing global challenges from international security, to global economic stability and sustainable growth. The EU should further develop regular dialogue and consultations with India ahead of important international meetings, seeking to align the positions, notably at the United Nations, in the G20 and the WTO, as well as to jointly support international law and dispute settlement.

The EU and India are committed to effective multilateralism with a strong UN at its core. The EU will continue to engage with India on the reform of the UN system, in particular to support the implementation of the three strands of peace and security, development and management reform. The EU and India should cooperate in order to revitalise the General Assembly and better align the work of its committees with the 2030 Agenda.

India’s share of the global economy is expected to further increase over the next two decades. As G20 partners, the EU and India share a mutual interest in tackling global challenges and deepening exchanges on macroeconomic developments, challenges and appropriate policy strategies both globally and in their respective regions. The EU and India should continue to work together within the G20 identifying and promoting priorities meant to secure strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive global growth.

The EU and India share an interest in sustaining a rules-based multilateral trading system, with the WTO at its centre, and enhancing free, fair and open trade for achieving sustainable growth and development. While the multilateral trading system has been instrumental in integrating the global economy and helping to prevent protectionism, it is confronted with a serious crisis. The EU expects India to play a more constructive role in the WTO in order to identify long lasting solutions, to contribute to addressing the deep causes of existing trade tensions and to help restore balance in the international trading system. The EU wants to work with India to develop a common understanding on the issues to be addressed in the WTO and its modernisation and to advance rulemaking on fundamental global trade issues.

Proposed actions:

·Establish a channel of dialogue on multilateral issues, associating foreign affairs and security aspects with trade and economic objectives.

·Seek to coordinate positions with India in the preparation, negotiation, universalisation and implementation of major multilateral conventions and conferences in areas of mutual interest, and facilitate common understanding with other UN members.

·Reaffirm the need for cooperative, believable and effective global economic governance, and promote a strong, coordinating role for both the EU and India by encouraging further engagement in the international context.

·Enhance coordination and cooperation within existing multilateral frameworks, in particular the G20, and promote mutually reinforcing policies and initiatives, such as on sustainable and inclusive growth policies, the 2030 Agenda, quality infrastructure, the future of work, the circular economy, and early childhood development.

·Seek India’s constructive engagement in addressing global trade challenges in the WTO, building on the common objective of maintaining and strengthening a rules-based multilateral trading system.

·Improve coordination in UN agencies and other fora.

2.2.    Building on common values

As the world’s largest democracies, the EU and India have a common responsibility to promote peace, democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including at the multilateral level and at the UN.

The EU and India share a long-term commitment to human rights cooperation and should continue regular exchanges of best practice on the protection of human rights at home and around the world, focusing on gender equality and women’s empowerment, the political, economic and social inclusion of young people and persons belonging to minorities, the rights of the child, elimination of any form of discrimination, the fight against trafficking in human beings, and freedom of religion and belief. Protecting the rights of vulnerable groups should be prioritised in order to respond effectively to climate impacts, as they are often disproportionally affected. The EU and India should reinforce practical cooperation, and explore opportunities to cooperate closer on democracy, good governance and the rule of law. The EU and India should further strengthen their joint efforts within the UN.

An EU-India partnership on humanitarian assistance would be a strong asset for ensuring joint vision and action within the international community, including UN bodies, the World Bank and the WTO. The internationally recognised humanitarian principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence are essential to succeed in our common endeavours.

Proposed actions:

·Continue to engage regularly at bilateral and UN level and pursue joint initiatives to promote common global agendas on human rights and democracy, gender equality and women's empowerment and the inclusion of young people.

·Enhance practical cooperation with and outreach to stakeholders, including the civil society, to promote common values and principles, particularly in the field of rule of law, sustainable socioeconomic development and human rights.

·Work with India in third countries to help consolidate democratic processes and support transitioning regimes through capacity building for electoral and parliamentary institutions.

·Coordinate on humanitarian and disaster relief operations and work with India to reinforce the multilateral humanitarian system and its coordination mechanisms.

·Engage with India to ensure food security world-wide, while preventing restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets.

 2.3.    Reinforcing cooperation on foreign policy – from common values to common action

India is rising as a global power, with an increasingly proactive foreign policy. India will deeply impact the development of Asia and the world. Improved India-Pakistan relations would help unlock the potential of both countries, as well as that of their region. The EU and India have a common responsibility to ensure international peace and security and an open and inclusive international order. The EU has an interest in India playing a greater role in a multipolar world, which requires a multipolar Asia. 

The EU and India have significant stakes in the stability and security of their extended neighbourhood which overlaps in Central Asia, the Middle East/‘West Asia’, Africa and the Indian Ocean. Their shared values and principles point at a general convergence of interests in these regions, in terms of ensuring their development, prosperity and security. The EU should enhance engagement with India on these areas from a practical perspective, striving for joint assessments, analysis and action.

The EU should build on the positions it shares with India on international issues, including support to Afghanistan to become a self-reliable and prosperous state; engagement with Central Asia so that the region develops as a peaceful, prosperous, resilient and more closely interconnected economic and political space; the implementation of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran; the ‘two state solution’ in the Middle East Peace Process; as well as the importance of contributing to peace and prosperity in Africa and of supporting African solutions to African crises.

The stability and security of Asia is increasingly important for European interests. The EU and India should step-up engagement to support the resilience of states, and to address root causes of conflicts through joint approaches and preventive diplomacy. Cooperation with third countries should be prioritised.

The EU and India share the view that their approaches to connectivity should be sustainable, comprehensive and rules based. This means connectivity should be environmentally, economically, socially and fiscally sustainable and provide a level playing field for businesses, while respecting international standards and enhancing its governance. The EU should further enhance its engagement with India aimed at developing connectivity to the benefit of South Asia and other regions, including connecting Afghanistan better with the world economy.

The EU should seek opportunities, in cooperation with India and other Asian partners, to support cooperative and inclusive regional orders and integration, with a rules-based approach. This should include the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, the ASEAN, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. Cooperation should be expanded with India on the promotion of common principles, including in the ASEM, such as on connectivity.

Proposed actions:

·Upgrade the yearly dialogue between the High Representative / Vice President of the EU and the Indian Minister for External Affairs to a regular Strategic Dialogue.

·Seek regular exchanges and coordination on the most relevant foreign policy issues either through established dialogues, at the margins of international events, or through the offices of the EU Delegation in New Delhi and the Indian Embassy in Brussels.

·Establish regular bilateral, as well as trilateral dialogues on/with Africa, to discuss inter alia security, economic issues, as well as connectivity.

·Intensify dialogue on Afghanistan and Central Asia in the appropriate settings.

·Join forces on post-conflict institution building and reconciliation processes in third countries.

·Build a connectivity partnership with India both at strategic and operational level, regionally, bilaterally and in support of ASEM connectivity activities.

·Exchange experiences with India on enhancing regional cooperation and jointly pursue efforts to strengthen existing regional structures including through cooperation in the ASEAN Regional Forum.

2.4.    Developing security and defence cooperation

The EU is a normative power and increasingly a security provider, as shown in the Western Balkans, as well as in various African crises, the Western Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Guinea and the Mediterranean Sea. It is also an important promoter of the rules-based order and cooperative security initiatives. The EU’s security and defence policy is setting up mechanisms for joint development of defence capabilities within the EU, the Permanent Structured Cooperation, which over time will further enhance its operational capacity and open up opportunities for closer engagement with non-EU countries such as India. Future cooperation could include exchange of experience in training, capability development, participation in missions and operations, and research into new defence systems. The EU has also decided to enhance security cooperation in and with Asia through tailor-made approaches 10 . To develop concrete initiatives and promote a better understanding of EU policies, it is essential to further develop military-to-military relations with India, including between leaders of the Indian armed forces and the EU military structures, as well as joint exercises.

The EU and India share common security interests in a growing number of areas. Crisis management, peacekeeping and peacebuilding offer vast potential for bilateral cooperation and at the UN.

Terrorism is a major threat for the EU and India. Countering radicalisation, including online, terrorist financing and preventing violent extremism are of priority for both partners. Regular bilateral consultations on counter-terrorism should develop into a platform for joint assessments of threats, challenges and policy responses, and seek to expand technical cooperation. The EU and India should cooperate to pursue common objectives in international and regional organisations, including at the UN, G20, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the Global Counter-terrorism Forum, notably on terrorist financing and terrorist designation listing. Cooperation on counter-terrorism, as well as other security issues, would benefit from enhanced relations between Europol and its Indian counterparts.

India is an important service provider to the EU and cyber security is a joint priority. The EU should engage more with India to stabilise cyberspace and develop global norms underpinned by shared commitment to a free, secure, stable, peaceful and accessible cyberspace. The EU should seek to jointly develop with India regional confidence building measures, under the ASEAN Regional Forum.

Securing sea lines of communications is vital for both the EU and India, as the huge majority of their trade relies on maritime transport. Both are strong promoters of the respect for international law, in particular the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Enhanced engagement is needed on maritime security to discuss the non-traditional security challenges, such as piracy and armed robbery; transnational organised crime; illegal trafficking; cooperation at sea, including at the operational level as well as in law enforcement and conflict prevention; promotion of confidence building measures; and sharing of experiences in maritime situational awareness, maritime surveillance and information sharing, possibly in cooperation with other partners and international organisations (e.g. UN). Cooperation on the Indian Ocean should be developed, notably on security and governance, building on counter-piracy activities, and promoting respect for the international law of the sea.

The EU should continue the positive engagement with India on non-proliferation and disarmament, export control, and nuclear safety and security. The EU will also continue to encourage India to participate constructively in international export control regimes and initiatives, and to join the Arms Trade Treaty, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, as well as the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction.

Proposed actions:

·Strengthen technical cooperation with India on fighting terrorism and countering radicalisation and violent extremism and countering terrorist financing.

·Work with India to support a multi-stakeholder governance model of the Internet, which provides for its freedom and security.

·Exchange expertise on cyber security and hybrid threats.

·Conclude working arrangements to foster cooperation between Europol and Indian law enforcement institutions.

·Identify common actions with India both at policy and operational levels to enhance maritime security. Work with India and other key regional players such as South Africa to help build the capacity of maritime nations in the Indian Ocean and East Africa.

·Seek to develop with India joint projects for training and assistance to third parties, particularly African countries that deploy significant numbers of UN peacekeepers.

·Encourage regular exchanges on EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) operations with the view to promote the participation of Indian security experts, police, justice officials, and military advisers. Both sides should invite each other to their peacekeeping trainings.

·Develop military-to-military relations via personnel exchanges and trainings, including with the European Defence College.

·Consider deploying an EU military advisor in the EU Delegation in New Delhi and encourage reciprocity.

·Cooperate with India in crisis-management and share experiences on consular crisis interventions during major disasters in third countries.


3.A MORE JOINED-UP AND STREAMLINED APPROACH TOWARDS INDIA

India enjoys strong relationships at bilateral level with many EU Member States, which in turn nourishes and sustains relations at EU level. The policies proposed in this Joint Communication aim to enhance these relationships within a clear common strategy. The Council is invited to support this approach.

A joint approach drawing upon both the work of the EU institutions and the diplomatic resources of the EU Member States should enhance the EU's ability to set top-level priorities and improve coordination, cohesiveness and effectiveness in promoting EU interests in relation to India, as well as complementarity.

The EU and its Member States should seek to implement the common priorities set out in the Strategy through concrete action. This should support the overall goal of enhancing understanding of the EU in India. For example, more streamlined and coordinated initiatives and mobilisation of resources at EU level would generate the critical mass needed to support India’s modernisation agenda. The EU-India water partnership can be taken as a model for efficient collaboration serving mutual benefit.

The EU should be proactive in advancing the EU-India partnership and promote the strategic use of resources to this end. A more dynamic EU public diplomacy is needed with initiatives targeting decision makers, influencers, opinion shapers, civil society and academic circles. This will require joint approaches with EU Member States in defining common messages, identifying communication opportunities and delivering as one.

The architecture of the EU-India strategic partnership should be streamlined on the basis of mutual interests and a flexible and result-oriented approach. Coordination between EU and national level dialogues should be improved to contribute to the efficiency of the overall framework of dialogue with India. Regular EU-India Summits are important in maintaining the level of political commitment needed to implement the ambitious objectives presented in this Joint Communication. High level dialogues and exchanges are essential to provide strategic steer and oversee cooperation between Summits.

EU-India Parliamentary relations have intensified in recent years and the European Parliament has stated its intention to promote closer political ties, including through enhanced exchanges between the European Parliament Delegation for relations with India and the India-Europe Friendship Group from the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

Proposed actions:

·Streamline the governance of EU-India cooperation and adopt a flexible and result oriented approach.

·Increase co-ordination, complementarities and synergies with EU Member States' bilateral initiatives.

·Identify, together with EU Member States, the bilateral initiatives that would benefit from support at EU level; encourage more frequent pooling of resources to enhance the collective impact. Promote a strategic use of the available funding instruments.

·Develop joint responses at EU and bilateral level to address India’s expectations towards the EU. Associate EU Member States more systematically in EU-India dialogues.

·Develop a clear EU-branding in India with more targeted public and digital diplomacy initiatives, including by systematically reaching out jointly with EU Member States at national and regional levels.

·Broaden and improve existing programmes for Indian diplomats and policy experts to get an inside view of the EU.

·Promote common understanding of underlying trends on global, regional and bilateral, as well as socio-economic issues, through regular think-tank exchanges, track 1.5 and 2.0 dialogues, including the EU Institute of Security Studies.


The EU-India relations are currently governed by the 1994 EU-India Cooperation Agreement. To be able to match the ambitions set out in this Joint Communication and tackle the global challenges of today, the EU and India should consider the negotiation of a broader Strategic Partnership Agreement.

The Council and the European Parliament are invited to support the actions presented in this Joint Communication.

(1)

On the basis of its 2016 Global strategy.

(2)

 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52004DC0430&from=EN

(3)

According to PwC forecast World in 2050.

(4)

According to the International Monetary Fund.

(5)

In 2016, according to the World Bank.

(6)

Participation of women in the workforce is only 13.9% in the urban sector and 29.9% in the rural sector. Over 30% of youth aged 15-29 in India are not in employment, education or training.

(7)

The Asian Development Bank report: ‘Asian Development Outlook 2018: How Technology Affects Jobs’ concluded that, in Asia, automatization is benefiting labour markets, rather than disrupt them: https://www.adb.org/publications/asian-development-outlook-2018-how-technology-affects-jobs.

(8)

€75.7 billion in 2017.

(9)

Behind the USA (17.8%) and China (14,9%).

(10)

Council Conclusions on enhanced EU security cooperation in and with Asia, 28 May 2018.