Explanatory Memorandum to COM(2000)582 - Implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty and amending Regulations (EEC) No 1017/68, (EEC) No 2988/74, (EEC) No 4056/86 and (EEC) No 3975/87 ("Regulation implementing Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty")

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dossier COM(2000)582 - Implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty and amending Regulations (EEC) No ...
source COM(2000)582 EN
date 27-09-2000
1. General

Contents

1.

A. Context


The Community competition rules were established in its founding Treaty of 1957. Article 81 sets out the rules applicable to restrictive agreements, decisions and concerted practices, while Article 82 concerns abuses of dominant positions.

In 1962, the Council adopted Regulation No 17, which sets out the rules of procedure for the application of Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty which have been applied till today without any significant modifications. Regulation No 17 was based on direct applicability of the prohibition rule of Article 81 i and prior notification of restrictive agreements and practices for exemption under Article 81 i. While the Commission, national courts and national competition authorities can all apply Article 81 i, the power to apply Article 81 i was granted exclusively to the Commission. Regulation No 17 thus established a highly centralised authorisation system for all restrictive agreements requiring exemption. In contrast, Article 82 has always been enforced in parallel by the Commission, national courts and national authorities.

This system was well suited for a Community of six Member States in which there was little competition culture. It allowed the development of Community competition law and its consistent application throughout the Community. However, today the context has changed fundamentally. The European Union now has 15 Member States, whose markets have already been extensively integrated, 380 million inhabitants, and 11 official languages. National competition authorities have been set up in the Member States and national competition laws have been enacted, many reflecting the content of Articles 81 and 82.

In this new context, the current system presents two major deficiencies. First, it no longer ensures the effective protection of competition. The Commission's monopoly on the application of Article 81 i is a significant obstacle to the effective application of the rules by national competition authorities and courts. And in a wide Community, the Commission alone cannot bear the responsibility for enforcing the competition rules throughout the Union. Furthermore, the notification regime no longer constitutes an effective tool for the protection of competition. It only rarely reveals cases that pose a real threat to competition. In fact, the notification system prevents the Commission's resources from being used for the detection and punishment of serious infringements.

The second deficiency of the current system is that it imposes an excessive burden on industry by increasing compliance costs and preventing companies from enforcing their agreements without notifying them to the Commission even if they fulfil the conditions of Article 81 i. This is particularly detrimental to SMEs for whom the cost of notification and in the absence of notification, the difficulty of enforcing their agreements can constitute a competitive disadvantage compared with larger firms.

The perspective of the enlargement of the Community makes it even more urgent to proceed with a reform of Regulation No 17. A Union with 25 or even more Member States is now in prospect. A notification system with prior authorisation by one administrative body would be completely unsustainable in an enlarged Community, since, potentially, thousands of agreements would require administrative clearance in order to be enforceable. Direct application of Article 81 i would ensure that agreements fulfilling the conditions of that provision were legally enforceable without recourse to an administrative body being necessary.

2.

B. The White Paper and the consultation process


In order to prepare Community competition law for the challenges of the coming years, the Commission initiated the reform process by adopting and publishing in 1999 a White Paper on modernisation of the rules implementing Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty.

The White Paper examines various options for reform and proposes the adoption of a fundamentally different enforcement system called a directly applicable exception system. Such a system is based on the direct applicability of the exception rule of Article 81 i, implying that the Commission and national competition authorities and courts would apply Article 81 i in all proceedings in which they are called upon to apply the prohibition rule of Article 81 i, which is already directly applicable.

The White Paper was adopted on 28 April 1999. Interested parties were invited to submit comments by 30 September 1999. The European Parliament organised a public hearing on 22 September 1999. It adopted a resolution on 18 January 2000. The Economic and Social Committee adopted an opinion on 8 December 1999. The Commission has received and carefully examined submissions from all Member States and more than 100 interested parties, including submissions from EFTA countries, the ESA, and competition authorities from Estonia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. A working group composed of Commission officials and experts from the national competition authorities has discussed the content of the White Paper in a number of meetings.

The European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee support the Commission's proposal while insisting on the importance of ensuring consistent application of Community competition law in a system of parallel powers and of maintaining an adequate level of legal certainty.

The positions of industry associations and lawyers are varied. Many welcome the Commission's approach as a more efficient and less bureaucratic alternative to the present system of implementation, which is almost universally considered unsatisfactory. However, many also stress the need to ensure that the reform does not lead to inconsistent application and renationalisation of Community competition law and that the reform does not reduce legal certainty for companies.

The proposal for a new regulation is in its main parts based on the White Paper, taking due account, however, of the major preoccupations expressed in the consultation process. The question of extending the procedures of the Merger Regulation to partial-function production joint ventures, that was also raised in the White Paper (nos. 79-81), will be further examined in the context of forthcoming reflections on the revision of that regulation.

3.

2. Proposal for a new Council regulation


A. Subject

The subject of the proposal is the reform of the implementing regulations for Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, i.e. Regulation No 17 and the corresponding transport regulations. It is proposed to create a new enforcement system referred to as a 'directly applicable exception system'. In such a system, both the prohibition rule set out in Article 81 i and the exception rule contained in Article 81 i can be directly applied by not only the Commission but also national courts and national competition authorities. Agreements are legal or void depending on whether they satisfy the conditions of Article 81 i. No authorisation decision is required for enforcing agreements complying with Article 81 as a whole. This is already the existing enforcement system for Article 82 of the EC Treaty.

4.

B. Legal basis


The legal basis for the present proposal is Article 83 of the EC Treaty. Article 83 empowers the Council to lay down the appropriate regulations or directives to give effect to the principles set out in Articles 81 and 82. In a non-exhaustive list, Article 83 i mentions elements that should in particular be covered by implementing rules created on this basis.

The legal basis in Article 83 covers the application of Articles 81 and 82 in general. In particular, it is not limited to the application of the rules by specific decision-makers. The Community legislature, within the limits of the general principles of the Treaty, is therefore empowered to lay down rules on the application of Articles 81 and 82 by bodies other than the Community institutions as well as rules on the interaction between the different decision-makers. Accordingly, the proposed Regulation provides for certain rules to be respected by national competition authorities and/or courts when applying Articles 81 and 82 as well as rules on cooperation between them and with the Commission.

Article 83(2)(b) expressly provides for the Community legislature to lay down detailed rules for the application of Article 81 i, taking into account the need to ensure effective supervision on the one hand, and to simplify administration to the greatest extent possible on the other. The legal basis in Article 83 thereby enjoins the Community legislature to fill a lacuna left by Article 81. Leaving aside Article 81 i, Article 81 is divided into a prohibition rule (Article 81(1)) and a rule according to which the prohibition may be declared inapplicable if stated conditions are satisfied (Article 81(3)). It does not, however, lay down by what procedure the prohibition may be declared inapplicable, and by whom. In particular, the words may be declared inapplicable, unlike the words the High Authority shall authorise used by the ECSC Treaty (see Article 65 of the ECSC Treaty), do not define a specific procedure.

The existing Regulation No 17 granted exclusive power to the Commission to apply Article 81 i in the framework of an administrative procedure aiming at an authorisation decision. Article 81 i is however suitable for direct application. While leaving a certain margin of appreciation as to its interpretation, Article 81 i does not imply discretionary powers that could only be exercised by an administrative body. A limited margin of appreciation does not make a Treaty provision unsuitable for direct application, as is clear from the case-law on for instance Article 81 i and Article 82, which are already directly applied by national courts.

There is no indication in the Treaty to contradict this conclusion. In particular, the words to simplify administration to the greatest extent possible in Article 83(2)(b), while imposing on the legislature the objective of a minimum of procedural bureaucracy, do not exclude the application of Article 81 i by courts in addition to administrative bodies. Under the powers granted to it by Article 83, the Community legislature can choose an implementing system that is based on direct application of Article 81 i.

Article 83(2)(e) states that the Community legislature is also empowered to define the relationship between national laws and the Community rules on competition. Regulation No 17 refrained from regulating this relationship, which has led to long-standing debates and to legal uncertainty. The Court of Justice was able to clarify some of the issues involved by applying the principle of primacy of Community law over national law. Given the specificity of Article 81 in particular, the solutions found on that basis do not, however, cover the entirety of cases in which conflicts can arise. In addition, the change to a new implementing system risks to reopening the debate and creating new legal uncertainties as to this fundamental issue. The proposed Regulation therefore lays down a rule regulating the relationship between Community competition law and national law.

Finally, Article 83 is also the appropriate legal basis for regulating the application of Articles 81 and 82 to the transport sector. This was not yet clear when Regulation (EEC) No 1017/68 was adopted: it had two legal bases, the former Articles 75 and 87, now Articles 71 and 83. However, the Court of Justice has since held that the Community competition rules apply in full to the transport sector i. The Community legislature can therefore provide that the application of Articles 81 and 82 to agreements and decisions presently governed by Regulation (EEC) No 1017/68 is integrated into the proposed Regulation on the legal basis of Article 83. The same goes for the application of Articles 81 and 82 to the maritime transport sector presently governed by Regulation (EEC) No 4056/86. The latter regulation, although adopted subsequently to the abovementioned case-law of the Court of Justice, and in contrast to the Commission proposal (based on Article 87 (now 83) alone), was also based by Council on the former Article 84 i (now 80(2)), owing to the inclusion of Article 9 of that Regulation concerning relations with third countries. The difference of opinion between the Council and the Commission does not need to be resolved in the present instance, as the proposed Regulation leaves Article 9 of Regulation (EEC) No 4056/86 untouched.
[1986] ECR 1425 and Case 66/86 Ahmed Saeed [1989] ECR 803.

5.

C. Characteristics of the proposed system


6.

1. More efficient protection of competition


The proposal aims at increasing the protection of competition in the Community. This will be achieved by the proposal in three ways.

(a) More enforcers

The proposed system will result in increased enforcement of Community competition rules, as in addition to the Commission, national competition authorities and national courts will also be able to apply Articles 81 and 82 in their entirety.

National competition authorities, which have been set up in all Member States, are generally well equipped to deal with Community competition law cases. In general, they have the necessary resources and are close to the markets.

As regards the applicant countries, considerable progress has already been made in establishing national competition authorities. Even if initially they may not all possess sufficient resources to ensure the effective protection of competition, the proposed reform will allow the Commission to step up enforcement in those parts of the enlarged Community. The proposed discontinuation of the notification and exemption system ensures that all available resources can be used for the effective protection of competition.

It is a core element of the Commission's proposal that the Commission and the national competition authorities should form a network and work closely together in the application of Articles 81 and 82. The network will provide an infrastructure for mutual exchange of information, including confidential information, and assistance, thereby expanding considerably the scope for each member of the network to enforce Articles 81 and 82 effectively. The network will also ensure an efficient allocation of cases based on the principle that cases should be dealt with by the best placed authority.

National courts will also play an important and enhanced role in the enforcement of Community competition rules. Unlike national authorities or the Commission, which act in the public interest, the function of national courts is to protect the rights of individuals. They can grant damages and order the performance or non-performance of contracts. They are the necessary complement to action by public authorities.

The Commission's proposal aims at promoting private enforcement through national courts. Both Article 81 i and Article 81 i confer rights on individuals, which should be protected by national courts. The present division of powers under Article 81 is not in line with the important role that national courts play in the enforcement of Community law in general. In the present Regulation No 17 the authorisation system and the Commission's monopoly on the application of Article 81 i make application of Article 81 i by national courts very difficult. The fact that the elimination of this obstacle may lead to more application of Article 81 and thereby increase the case load on national courts is not a valid argument against the reform. Such considerations should not be allowed to hamper the implementation of a reform that aims at strengthening the enforcement of the rules and at enhancing the protection of individual rights.

(b) Refocusing the Commission's action

The second way in which the proposal will increase the protection of competition is by allowing the Commission to concentrate on the detection of the most serious infringements. Experience in the last decades has shown that notifications do not bring to the attention of the Commission serious violations of the competition rules. The handling of a large number of notifications prevents the Commission from focusing on the detection and the punishment of the most serious restrictions such as cartels, foreclosure of the market and abuses of dominant positions. In the proposed system, the abolition of the notification and authorisation system will allow the Commission to focus on complaints and own-initiative proceedings that lead to prohibition decisions, rather than establishing what is not prohibited. The Commission intends to issue a notice providing potential complainants with guidance on the treatment of complaints. The notice will inter alia set a deadline within which the Commission should inform the complainant whether it intends to deal with its complaint.

(c) Increased powers of investigation for the Commission

In order to guarantee the protection of competition, it is also necessary to ensure that the Commission's powers of investigation are sufficient and effective. Under the existing Regulation No 17, the Commission can conduct inspections on the premises of companies and make written requests for information. It can fine companies for infringements of substantive and procedural rules and impose periodic penalty payments.

Three main improvements of the current system are required to ensure a more effective application of Articles 81 and 82.

First, the rules governing the obtaining of judicial orders at national level in order to overcome any opposition on the part of an undertaking to an inspection should be codified. This will clarify the intervention of national judges in accordance with the limits established by the Court of Justice.

Secondly, it is necessary to adapt the powers vested in Commission officials during inspections: they must be empowered, subject to judicial authorisation, to search private homes if professional documents are likely to be kept there. The experience of the national competition authorities and the Commission shows that incriminating documents are ever more frequently kept and discovered in private homes. Commission inspectors should also be empowered to seal cupboards or offices in order to ensure that documents are not removed and destroyed. Finally, they should be entitled to ask oral questions relating to the subject matter of the inspection.

Thirdly, the fines for breaches of procedural rules and the periodic penalty payments, which were set in absolute terms in the sixties, must be increased. A system based on turnover percentage figures is considered the appropriate solution.

7.

2. More level playing field


Competition laws have an immediate impact on the commercial activities of companies, as they have to adapt to the prevailing standard in any given area. For companies that engage in activities having cross-border effects it is therefore important that there be a level playing field throughout the European Union, allowing them to reap the full benefits of the single market.

The present proposal will create a more level playing field in two ways. First, Community competition law will be applied to more cases, thereby limiting the scope for inconsistencies caused by differences in national competition laws. Secondly, a number of measures will ensure that Articles 81 and 82 are applied in a consistent manner by the various decision-makers involved in their application.

(a) More application of Community competition law

In the present enforcement system, several national systems of competition law and Community competition law may apply concurrently to the same transaction to the extent that an agreement or practice is capable of affecting trade between Member States. The application of national law is constrained only by the principle of primacy of Community law.

Several national systems of competition law have been modelled on Articles 81 and 82. However, no formal harmonisation is in place, and differences remain both in law and practice. Such differences can lead to different treatment of agreements and practices that affect trade between Member States.

In order to promote a level playing field for companies that engage in agreements or practices that have a cross-border effect, it is necessary to regulate the relationship between national law and Community law, as provided in Article 83(2)(e) of the EC Treaty. Accordingly, Article 3 of the proposed Regulation provides that only Community competition law applies when an agreement, decision or concerted practice within the meaning of Article 81 or abusive conduct within the meaning of Article 82 is capable of affecting trade between Member States. This rule ensures in a simple and effective way that all transactions with a cross-border effect are subject to a single body of law.

The proposal not only creates a level playing field throughout the European Union, it also facilitates an efficient allocation of cases within the network of competition authorities, the aim being that cases should be dealt with by the best placed authority. In several Member States the competition authority, once seized of a case, is obliged to come to a formal decision. Such obligations may hinder reallocation of cases to a better placed authority. To overcome this problem in respect of the application of Articles 81 and 82 the Regulation empowers a competition authority to suspend a proceeding or reject a complaint on grounds that another competition authority is dealing with or has dealt with the case. However, the scope of this provision is limited to the application of Community competition law. Article 3 of the proposed Regulation ensures that an efficient allocation of cases is not hindered by simultaneous application of national law in respect of which a national competition authority may remain bound to come to a formal decision. Parallel application of national and Community competition law should be avoided because it leads to unnecessary parallel proceedings.

(b) Consistent application of Community competition law

The application of the same law and policy will in itself promote consistency throughout the single market. The application of Articles 81 and 82 by national competition authorities and courts will be subject to Community block exemption regulations, creating safe harbours for defined categories of agreements. Further guidance will be provided by guidelines adopted by the Commission.

Application by national competition authorities and courts will also be subject to the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Court of First Instance as well as the administrative practice of the Commission. In the latter respect, it is proposed in Article 16 of the proposed Regulation to impose on national competition authorities and courts an obligation to use every effort not to contradict a Commission decision.

More decision-makers also mean more case-law and administrative decisions, which will further clarify the scope of the Community competition rules.

Moreover, there will be a number of additional instruments aiming at ensuring that Articles 81 and 82 are applied in a consistent manner.

The application of the Community competition rules by national courts will be subject to the preliminary reference procedure of Article 234 of the EC Treaty. The Court of Justice of the European Communities will play the same important role in ensuring consistency as it has done and continues to do in other areas of Community law. As the proposal aims at increasing the level of private enforcement before national courts, an initial increase in Article 234 references can be expected. A significant increase, however, is unlikely, as it is expected that most litigation before national courts will concern areas where the law has been clearly established.

Article 15 of the proposed Regulation codifies the existing obligation of the Commission, based on Article 10 of the Treaty, to cooperate with national courts. This cooperation includes a right for national courts to ask the Commission for information in its possession or for its opinion on questions concerning the application of the Community competition rules. It is expected that the importance of this mechanism will increase once national courts are empowered to apply Article 81 i as well.

Article 15 also proposes to vest in the Commission the power to submit written or oral submissions to national courts at its own initiative and in the Community public interest. This will allow the Commission to contribute to the consistent application of Community competition law by national courts. It is also proposed that the national competition authorities be empowered to make oral and written submissions to the courts of their Member State.

With regard to the national competition authorities, the creation of a network in which all members apply the same law and policy will greatly promote consistency and a level playing field throughout the single market. The formal basis for establishing the network is found in Article 11 of the proposed Regulation, according to which the national competition authorities and the Commission are to apply the Community competition rules in close cooperation. The details of this cooperation will be developed in a notice. The network will foster the development of a common competition culture throughout the Community.

In addition, certain formal mechanisms are established to ensure consistent application, including a consultation procedure for certain types of decisions adopted by national competition authorities (see Article 11 i of the proposed Regulation). This provision requires national competition authorities to consult the Commission prior to the adoption of prohibition decisions, decisions accepting commitments and decisions withdrawing the benefit of a block exemption regulation. All such decisions have direct repercussions for the addressees. It is therefore important to ensure that these decisions are consistent with the general practice of the network. In case of substantial disagreement within the network, the Commission retains the power to withdraw a case from a national competition authority by itself initiating proceedings in the case.

It is not necessary for consistency purposes to provide for prior consultation in respect of other types of decisions adopted by national competition authorities, such as rejections of complaints and decisions to take no action. These decisions bind only the deciding authority, and do not preclude subsequent action by any other competition authority or before national courts.

As regards decisions adopted by the Commission, it is proposed to maintain the present obligation for the Commission to consult the Advisory Committee on Restrictive Practices and Dominant Positions.

8.

3. An adequate level of legal certainty for companies and a reduction of bureaucracy


Under the existing Regulation No 17 an agreement or decision caught by Article 81 i can become valid, i.e. enforceable before a civil court, only if it is notified to the Commission and is exempted by the Commission. In practice, most notified cases are closed by a non-binding administrative letter from the Commission services (a comfort letter).

The proposed Regulation removes the bureaucratic obstacles connected with the notification and authorisation procedure while maintaining an adequate degree of legal certainty.

In particular, the proposed Regulation provides that agreements and decisions which satisfy the conditions of Article 81 i are valid and enforceable ab initio with no administrative decision being required to that effect. Undertakings can therefore rely on civil enforceability as an element of improved legal certainty independently of any action by an administration.

The proposed Regulation does not remove the necessity for undertakings to assess their business transactions to verify whether they are in compliance with the competition rules. Under the present Regulation No 17, this analysis is carried out by undertakings when preparing a notification. The proposal assimilates the application of the Community competition rules to other areas of law where undertakings are required to ascertain themselves that their behaviour is legal.

In the field of Community competition law, companies' task of assessing their behaviour is facilitated by block exemptions and Commission notices and guidelines clarifying the application of the rules. As a complementary element of the current reform, the Commission commits itself to an even greater effort in this area. Article 28 of the proposed Regulation confers on the Commission a general power to adopt block exemption regulations. This power will ensure that it is in a position to react with sufficient speed to new developments and changing market conditions.

In addition, under the new system, with the larger number of decision-makers applying Article 81 i, case-law and practice on its interpretation will rapidly develop where they do not yet exist, thereby inherently reinforcing the framework for assessment.

The Commission will further contribute to this development by continuing to set policy through its own decisions in individual cases. In addition to prohibition decisions, the proposed Regulation provides that in cases where it is in the Community public interest to do so the Commission, acting on its own initiative, can adopt decisions finding that no infringement has been committed. This will permit the Commission to set out its position in a landmark case so as to clarify the law for all companies that find themselves in similar situations.

Finally, the Commission will remain open to discuss specific cases with the undertakings where appropriate. In particular, it will provide guidance regarding agreements, decisions or concerted practices that raise an unresolved, genuinely new question of interpretation. To that effect, the Commission will publish a notice in which it will set out the conditions under which it may issue reasoned opinions. Any such system of opinions must not, however, lead to companies being entitled to obtain an opinion, as this would reintroduce a kind of notification system.

9.

3. subsidiarity and proportionality


In the interest of the single market, the proposed Regulation ensures that Community competition law should be applied to agreements and practices capable of affecting trade between Member States, thereby creating a level playing field throughout the Community. At the same time, the proposal ensures that the application of that law takes place at the most efficient level. Under the proposal, the Commission shares the power to apply Article 81 i with national competition authorities and national courts, thereby enabling these bodies to apply Articles 81 and 82 effectively.

The scope for effective intervention at national level is substantially increased by the cooperation mechanisms contained in Articles 12 and 21 of the proposed Regulation, which empower national competition authorities to exchange confidential information and to assist each other in respect of fact-finding. As a result of market integration evidence and information will increasingly be located in several Member States. Enhanced horizontal cooperation will make it easier for national competition authorities to obtain all the relevant facts.

The Commission's proposal is thus fully in line with the principle enshrined in Article 5 of the Treaty, according to which action should be taken at the most efficient level. While promoting the Community interest in a level playing field throughout the single market, the proposal ensures that national competition authorities and courts can apply Articles 81 and 82 fully and effectively to all cases in respect of which intervention at national level is more efficient.

The Commission, being the only authority that can act throughout the European Union, will necessarily continue to play a central role in the development of Community competition law and policy and in ensuring that it is applied consistently throughout the single market, thereby preventing any renationalisation of Community competition law. The development and application of the law and policy will, however, be a concern of all the competition authorities involved in the enforcement of Articles 81 and 82. Policy issues will be the subject of discussion within the network.

The proposal does not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of the Treaty. The Treaty aims, inter alia, to create an internal market and a system of undistorted competition. The very objective of the present proposal is to enhance the protection of competition and to create a level playing field throughout the Community.

The proposal to exclude the application of national competition law to agreements and practices that affect trade between Member States is necessary in order to ensure that such agreements and practices are subject to a single set of rules. This is essential in order to ensure that competition in the internal market is not distorted as a result of differences in the legal framework and to ensure that cases can be allocated efficiently within the network.

Effective case allocation also makes it necessary that the members of the network should inform each other of all new cases and exchange relevant case-related information. Moreover, provision must be made for prior consultation by the national competition authorities in respect of prohibition decisions, decisions accepting commitments and decisions withdrawing the benefit of a block exemption regulation. Inconsistencies in respect of these types of decisions would be detrimental to the single market and the objective of creating a level playing field throughout the Community. Such decisions also have important implications for the common competition policy of the network. The Commission will associate the other members of the network in the consultation process. The functioning of the network will be further elaborated upon in a notice on cooperation between competition authorities.

The present proposal is based on the premise that national competition authorities will apply Articles 81 and 82 in accordance with their respective national procedural rules. It is not necessary for the implementation of the reform to embark on a full-scale harmonisation of national procedural laws. On the other hand, it is necessary to regulate at Community level a limited number of issues that have a direct impact on the proper functioning of the proposed system.

First and foremost, it is necessary to oblige the Member States to empower their national competition authorities to apply Articles 81 and 82.

It is also necessary to stipulate the content of the decisions that national competition authorities may adopt in the application of Articles 81 and 82 (see Article 5 of the proposed Regulation), in order to ensure a full and effective implementation of the directly applicable exception system. No competition authority forming part of the network can be empowered to adopt constitutive exemption decisions when applying the Community competition rules.

Article 13 of the proposed Regulation empowers national competition authorities and the Commission to suspend or terminate proceedings on the ground that another member of the network is or has been dealing with the case; this is necessary to ensure an efficient allocation of cases and use of resources within the network. It is, however, neither necessary nor appropriate to oblige other competition authorities to suspend or terminate their proceedings. It is the task of the network to ensure in practice that resources are used efficiently.

The proposed Regulation provides a legal basis for the exchange of information and assistance between national competition authorities. Such horizontal cooperation is necessary in order to enable them to apply Articles 81 and 82 effectively.

The power of the Commission to make written and oral submissions in the Community public interest before national courts hearing a case on the application of Articles 81 and 82 (see Article 15) is necessary in order to allow the Commission to contribute to their consistent application. Divergent application of Community competition law by national courts would pose a threat to the proper functioning of the single market and the coherence of the system. In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity it is proposed that the power to make submissions before the courts be shared between the Commission and the national competition authorities. Furthermore, submissions will be made in accordance with the procedural rules in force in the Member State in question. Thus, the proposal does not purport to harmonise national procedural law, except that it grants the Commission and the national competition authorities the power to make submissions on their own initiative. In order to enable the Commission and the national competition authorities to exercise this proposed new power effectively, it is necessary to oblige national courts to furnish, upon request, relevant information pertaining to cases before them in which the Commission or a national competition authority is considering making a written or oral submission or has decided to do so.

10.

4. The regulation, article by article


CHAPTER I - PRINCIPLES

Article 1 - Direct applicability

This Article sets out the general principle governing the new implementing rules outside the scope of block exemption regulations. In addition to the prohibition of Article 81 i and the prohibition of Article 82, it provides that Article 81 i will also be directly applicable.

Under this rule, agreements, decisions or practices that fall under Article 81 i and do not satisfy the conditions of Article 81 i are prohibited and void ab initio in accordance with Article 81 i and 81 i. On the other hand, agreements, decisions and practices that fall under Article 81 i but do satisfy the conditions of Article 81 i are valid ab initio, no prior administrative decision to that effect being required.

When applying Article 81 i, all decision-makers, i.e. the Commission, national courts and national competition authorities, are also obliged to consider whether the conditions of Article 81 i are met. In doing so, they must respect the interpretation of Article 81 i given by the Community Courts. In addition, they should take due account of all other elements of interpretation including Commission guidelines, notices and decisions.

On finding that the conditions of Article 81 i are met or not met, decision-makers are to draw the appropriate legal consequences in accordance with the proposed Regulation and, where applicable, the relevant national procedural rules.

11.

Article 2 - Burden of proof


This Article clarifies which party bears the burden of proving the facts pertaining to the fulfilment of the conditions of Article 81. It is based on the division in the Treaty between the prohibition in Article 81 i and the conditions under which it may be declared inapplicable set out in Article 81 i. It is also in line with the principle, widely observed in the laws of the Member States, that each party to litigation has to prove the facts on which it relies.

The rule proposed ensures a fair balance between the parties. In particular, the party invoking the benefit of Article 81 i is generally best placed to supply the information required to demonstrate that the conditions of Article 81 i are satisfied (e.g. regarding efficiencies). It is therefore appropriate that that party should bear the burden of proof as regards Article 81 i.

12.

Article 3 - Relationship between Articles 81 and 82 and national competition laws


This Article stipulates that when an agreement or practice is capable of affecting trade between Member States only Community competition law applies. National competition authorities, being empowered to apply Articles 81 and 82 in their entirety, will thus apply Community law in all cases affecting trade between Member States.

In the present system the same agreement or conduct may be subject to Community competition law and several national competition laws. In accordance with the principle of primacy of Community competition law, established by the Court of Justice in the Walt Wilhelm case i, national law can be applied only in so far as it does not prejudice the uniform application of the Community competition rules throughout the single market. The primacy principle resolves clear conflicts in favour of Community law. It does not, however, effectively prevent inconsistencies and differences in the treatment of agreements and practices between Member States, even if such agreements and practices affect trade between Member States.
[1969] ECR 1.

At the present stage of development of the Community it is essential to ensure that there is a level playing field throughout the European Union, allowing companies to reap the full benefits of the single market. As is evident from the very content of Article 81 i, many agreements have desirable effects on economic welfare. It is inconsistent with the notion of a single market that agreements and practices capable of affecting cross-border trade should be subject to different standards and that an agreement which would be considered innocuous or beneficial under Community law can be prohibited under national competition law. To address this problem effectively it is necessary to adopt the solution alluded to by the Court of Justice in Walt Wilhelm, namely to regulate the relationship between national law and Community competition law as provided for in Article 83(2)(e) of the EC Treaty.

Article 3 ensures that agreements and practices capable of affecting cross-border trade are scrutinised under a single set of rules, thereby promoting a level playing field throughout the Community, and removing the costs attached to the parallel application of Community law and national laws for both competition authorities and business. The provision does not limit the scope for action of national competition authorities, which will be able to apply Community law. Experience gained at national level will contribute to the development of Community competition policy within the network.

The Article also ensures that all cases concerning agreements and practices affecting trade between Member States become subject to the mechanisms of cooperation inside the network of competition authorities. It is a fundamental aim of the proposed Regulation that the Commission and the national competition authorities should form a network of competition authorities that cooperate closely in the application of Articles 81 and 82. The network will incorporate mechanisms that seek to ensure that the consistency of Community competition law is preserved.

The proposal eliminates the risk that the proper functioning of the network might be affected by the concurrent application of Community competition law and national competition law. The objective is to ensure an efficient allocation of cases, generally to a single authority, which is considered the best placed to act. This objective would be hampered if national authorities were bound to continue dealing with the case under their own competition law. In several Member States the competition authority that has received a complaint based on national law is obliged to adopt a formal reasoned decision. These parallel proceedings should be avoided.

13.

CHAPTER II - POWERS


Article 4 - Powers of the Commission

Paragraph 1 establishes the Commission's power to take the measures provided for in the Regulation.

Such measures may in the first place be individual decisions. The Commission thus keeps an autonomous power of enforcement, which it will use not only to act against infringements but also to set policy and to ensure consistent application of Community competition law.

The measures provided for also include block exemptions. Article 28 confers on the Commission a general power to adopt block exemption regulations.

The block exemption is one of the main tools, which the Commission uses to ensure the consistent application of competition law throughout the single market. Together with the practice developed by the Commission in its decisions, block exemptions form the backbone of a common set of competition enforcement rules that is complemented by the guidelines that the Commission issues. In the new system, where undertakings must, as a general rule, assess for themselves whether their behaviour complies with the law, the legislative framework that block exemptions offer will be of crucial importance in providing legal certainty for undertakings.

Block exemption regulations, while containing abstract rules, do not create new law for undertakings, but codify and clarify the interpretation of Article 81 i. When drafting them, the Commission is able to base itself on the experience it has gained in individual cases. Under Article 16 of the proposed Regulation, it will also have information about the application of Articles 81 and 82 by national courts in all Member States. It is therefore best placed to know in which areas it is necessary to enact or amend block exemption regulations in order to keep up with new developments and rapidly changing market conditions. In doing so, the Commission will cooperate closely with the competition authorities of the Member States.

As block exemption regulations cannot authorise behaviour that is ultimately prohibited by Article 81, the benefit of a block exemption can be withdrawn where it is found that in an individual case an agreement, decision or concerted practice has effects that are incompatible with Article 81 i. Under the proposed Regulation, in the spirit of decentralised but consistent application, the national competition authorities have the power to withdraw the benefit of a block exemption if the relevant geographic market is no wider than the territory of their Member State (see Article 29(2)). Decisions to that effect are, however, subject to consultation in accordance with Article 11 i.

Paragraph 2 gives the Commission power to introduce a registration requirement for types of agreements, decisions or practices that fall under Article 81 i and are not covered by block exemptions. In accordance with the conditions set out in this paragraph, the Commission can lay down the details of such an obligation in a Commission regulation, including possible penalties for failure to comply with the registration obligation.

14.

Article 5 - Powers of the competition authorities of the Member States


This Article serves to establish and define the powers of the competition authorities of the Member States to apply Articles 81 and 82. If additional measures to achieve this objective are necessary under national law, Article 36 obliges Member States to take such measures by a date to be determined.

The competition authorities of the Member States are to apply Article 81 as a whole: each time they apply Article 81 i they are also empowered to decide whether the conditions of Article 81 i are satisfied. They may also apply Article 82.

If they find that there is infringement of Article 81 as a whole, or of Article 82, the competition authorities of the Member States are to take effective action against the conduct in question, acting in accordance with the proposed Regulation and applicable national procedural rules. Paragraph 3 lists the contents of the decisions they may take in that respect. While the proposed regulation does not foresee harmonisation of national sanctions, general principles of Community law require that such sanctions ensure effective enforcement.

If the competition authority of a Member State finds that behaviour, acting on a complaint or on its own initiative does not infringe Article 81 as a whole or Article 82, it can close the proceedings or reject the complaint by decision, finding that there are no grounds for action.

Such decisions bind only the authority adopting the decision.

The effect of other types of decisions adopted by the national competition authorities within their own Member State is not regulated in the proposed Regulation. This is a matter of national law. Decisions adopted by national competition authorities do not have legal effects outside the territory of their Member State, nor do they bind the Commission.

15.

Article 6 - Powers of the national courts


This Article gives national courts jurisdiction to apply Article 81 i. When applying Article 81 i, a court will be empowered to apply Article 81 i. It is already established case-law that courts have jurisdiction to apply Article 81 i and i and Article 82.

If a national court finds that the conditions of Article 81 i are satisfied it must - in the absence of other objections - hold that the agreement is valid with effect ab initio. It must then enforce the agreement and reject any claims for damages based on an alleged violation of Article 81.

Conversely, if the conditions of Article 81 i are not satisfied, national courts must rule that an agreement or decision or part of it is void under Article 81 i, and may order damages or take any other decision that follows from the violation of Article 81 i.

16.

CHAPTER III - COMMISSION DECISIONS


Article 7 - Finding and termination of infringement

This Article is equivalent to Article 3 of the present Regulation No 17, with two exceptions.

First, it makes it clear that the Commission is empowered to adopt a decision finding an infringement not only when it orders the termination of an infringement or imposes a fine, but also where the infringement has already come to an end and no fine is imposed.

In conformity with the case-law of the Court of Justice, however i, the power of the Commission to adopt an infringement decision in such circumstances is limited to cases where it has a legitimate interest in doing so. This may be the case where there is a danger that the addressee might re-offend, or where the case raises new issues clarification of which is in the public interest.
[1983] ECR 483.

Secondly, the Commission is empowered to impose all remedies necessary to bring the infringement to an end, including structural remedies. Structural remedies can be necessary in order to bring an infringement effectively to an end. This may in particular be the case with regard to cooperation agreements and abuses of a dominant position, where divestiture of certain assets may be necessary.

17.

Article 8 - Interim measures


According to this Article, the Commission is empowered to adopt interim measures in cases where there is a risk of serious and irreparable harm to competition and there is prima facie evidence of an infringement. It is further stipulated that interim measures may be adopted for no more than one year, with a possibility of renewal.

The Commission acts in the public interest and not in the interest of individual operators. It is therefore appropriate to ensure that the Commission has an obligation to adopt interim measures only in cases where there is a risk of serious and irreparable harm to competition. Companies can always have recourse to national courts, the very function of which is to protect the rights of individuals.

18.

Article 9 - Commitments


Paragraph 1 introduces a new provision empowering the Commission to adopt decisions accepting commitments offered by undertakings in the course of proceedings in which the Commission intends to adopt a decision ordering termination of an alleged infringement. Such decisions constitute an appropriate remedy when the commitments offered meet the competition concerns identified by the Commission. Decisions accepting commitments establish the material facts of the case and the prima facie evidence of the suspected infringement, and incorporate the accepted commitments.

The addressee of the Commission decision is bound by the decision containing the commitments, which can be invoked by third parties before national courts.

The time-limit ensures that undertakings are not bound by the commitments for an indefinite period, and that the Commission is in a position, if need be, to reassess the agreement or practice and the effectiveness of the commitments after a certain period of time.

Paragraph 2 provides that the decision makes no finding as to the existence of an infringement prior to the commitments or as to the absence of an infringement following the commitments. Following the acceptance of the commitments by decision, the Commission closes the file.

Paragraph 3 stipulates that the Commission is entitled to reopen the procedure only if the facts on the basis of which the Commission accepted the commitments have materially changed, if the undertaking offering the commitments has supplied incorrect, incomplete or misleading information, or if the undertaking violates the commitments.

19.

Article 10 - Finding of inapplicability


In the proposed directly applicable exception system the main functions of the Commission will be to take action against infringements and to develop competition policy and promote consistent application of the rules by means of general measures such as block exemption regulations and guidelines.

However, Article 10 of the proposed Regulation also empowers the Commission to adopt decisions finding that Article 81 is inapplicable, either because the conditions of Article 81 i are not fulfilled or because the conditions of Article 81 i are satisfied, and decisions finding that Article 82 does not apply.

Such decisions can be adopted only at the Commission's own initiative and in the Community public interest. These conditions ensure that decisions making a finding of inapplicability cannot be obtained on demand by companies. Such a possibility would seriously undermine the principal aim of the reform, which is to focus the activities of all competition authorities on what is prohibited.

In the decentralised system the Commission, as the guardian of the Treaty and the centrally placed authority, has a special role to play in setting competition policy and in ensuring that Articles 81 and 82 are applied consistently throughout the single market. To that end it is necessary to empower the Commission to adopt positive decisions if the Community public interest so requires. This power allows the Commission to adopt a decision making a finding of inapplicability, in particular in respect of new types of agreements or practices or issues that have not been settled in the existing case-law and administrative practice.

Such decisions will be of a declaratory nature. The proposed instrument thus differs significantly from the exemption decisions currently adopted under Article 81 i, which create rights with effect erga omnes for the duration of the decision regardless of any material change in the facts. Non-infringement decisions will have the effects of Community acts. Article 16 of the proposed Regulation creates a general obligation for national competition authorities and national courts to make every effort to avoid decisions conflicting with decisions adopted by the Commission. A finding of inapplicability by the Commission pursuant to Article 10 can therefore make an important contribution to the uniform application of Community competition law.

20.

CHAPTER IV - COOPERATION WITH NATIONAL AUTHORITIES AND COURTS


Article 11 - Cooperation between the Commission and the competition authorities of the Member States

This Article establishes the principle of close cooperation aimed at enabling the Commission and the Member States' competition authorities to function as a network when applying Articles 81 and 82 under the proposed Regulation. It sets out the basic information and consultation mechanisms; detailed rules will be laid down in an implementing Commission regulation in accordance with Article 34 and in a notice on cooperation between competition authorities.

Paragraph 1 establishes the principle of close cooperation, covering cooperation between the Commission and the Member States' competition authorities on the one hand and between the latter on the other hand.

Paragraph 2 takes over the rule of Article 10 i of the existing Regulation No 17, adapted to the new implementing system.

Paragraph 3 requires national competition authorities to inform the Commission at an early stage of cases treated under Articles 81 and 82. In practice this will be done by electronic means, and the information will be made accessible to all Member States' authorities via the network. The objective is in particular to facilitate case allocation, to initiate cooperation on cases at an early stage, and to ensure effective handling of multiple complaints.

Paragraph 4 establishes a consultation obligation regarding all decisions by Member States' authorities aimed at terminating or penalising an infringement of Article 81 or 82. Its objective is to allow for coordination of prohibition decisions and equivalent decisions in order to ensure consistent application.

Paragraph 5 makes it clear that the principle of close cooperation also includes voluntary consultation on cases other than those covered by paragraph 4.

Paragraph 6 takes over the rule of Article 9 i of the existing Regulation No 17, the provision empowering the Commission to withdraw a case from a national competition authority and deal with the case itself, adapted to the new implementing system. This provision is of crucial importance in the new system; it serves to ensure effective case allocation and consistent application of Community competition law.

21.

Article 12 - Exchange of information


Paragraph 1 creates a legal basis for the exchange of any information between the Commission and the Member States' competition authorities and its use as evidence in proceedings applying Community competition law. It covers the transfer of information from the Commission to a Member State's authority and vice versa, and the transfer from one Member State authority to another. This provision also allows the transfer of entire case files, including confidential documents, the objective being to render possible the transfer of a case from one authority to another in the interest of effective case allocation.

Paragraph 2 introduces limits on the use of information transmitted under paragraph 1, thereby ensuring that the undertakings concerned benefit from appropriate procedural safeguards. The first sentence limits the use of the information transferred to the application of the Community competition rules. No use for other purposes is possible. The second sentence further limits the use of the information transferred with regard to penalties. The objective of this rule is to ensure an appropriate balance between the rights of defence the undertakings concerned could invoke in the Member State from which the information originates, and the penalties they may face in the prosecuting Member State. It is proposed to exclude the use of evidence exchanged for imposing penalties other than pecuniary penalties.

22.

Article 13 - Suspension or termination of proceedings


This Article serves the purpose of effective case allocation within the network of competition authorities. It gives all Member States' competition authorities and the Commission the right to suspend a proceeding or reject a complaint if the same case is or has been dealt with by another competition authority. It thereby removes risks of duplication of work and incentives for multiple complaints.

Paragraph 1 creates a legal basis for the staying or closing of proceedings if a complaint is already under examination by another competition authority. It supersedes national law that might oblige some Member States' competition authorities to rule on the substance of each complaint they receive. The provision is without prejudice to other grounds for rejecting a complaint and without prejudice to the power of the Commission to withdraw a case from national competition authorities under Article 11 i.

Paragraph 2 contains an equivalent rule regarding complaints against an agreement or practice that has previously been dealt with by another competition authority.

23.

Article 14 - Advisory Committee


Article 14 maintains the Advisory Committee on Restrictive Practices and Dominant Positions as set up by the existing Regulation No 17. It has worked well in the past and is perfectly in line with the principle of close cooperation between the Commission and Member States' competition authorities. The adaptations proposed, namely written procedure and the possibility of discussing cases dealt with by Member States authorities, serve to adapt it to the new enforcement system.

Paragraph 1 sets out the types of decisions on which the Commission has an obligation to consult the Advisory Committee.

Paragraph 2 sets out the composition of the Committee. It is aligned on Article 10 i of the existing Regulation No 17.

Paragraph 3 defines the working methods of the Committee. It takes over the elements set out in Article 10 i of the existing Regulation No 17. In the interest of efficient proceedings it introduces the possibility for the Member States to agree that the meeting may be convened at shorter notice.

Paragraph 4 creates a legal basis for written procedure. The purpose of this provision is to allow for more flexible and efficient working methods.

Paragraph 5 allows the opinion of the Advisory Committee to be published, along the lines of the Merger Regulation.

Paragraph 6 creates a legal basis for discussing a case dealt with by a Member State's competition authority. Its purpose is to allow the Committee to serve as a forum for discussion of all cases that may be of common interest, in particular cases raising issues of consistent application of Articles 81 and 82. If requested by a Member State, the Commission will normally put a national case on the agenda.

24.

Article 15 - Cooperation with national courts


This Article aims at reinforcing cooperation between the Commission and national courts in order to promote consistent application of Articles 81 and 82.

Paragraph 1 establishes a right for national courts to obtain from the Commission information in its possession for the purpose of applying Article 81 and 82. They can also ask for an opinion from the Commission on questions relating to the application of the Community competition rules. The Commission will set out detailed rules on its practice in this field in a notice, replacing the existing notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission. These rules will include a deadline within which the Commission must reply.

Paragraph 2 aims at facilitating the monitoring of the application of Articles 81 and 82 by national courts. It sets up an obligation for national courts to transmit a copy of judgments applying Articles 81 or 82 to the Commission. The extent of this information obligation is such that the amount of bureaucracy involved for the courts and for the Commission is kept to a minimum. On the courts' side, in particular, very little additional work is required, and what there is is purely clerical. As far as possible, paper transmission should be replaced by electronic transmission.

Paragraph 3 introduces a right for the Commission and the national competition authorities to make submissions to national courts in written or oral form. In the case of the national competition authorities the power is limited to the courts of their own Member State. The Commission may act under this provision only in the Community public interest (as amicus curiae), i.e. not in the interest of one of the parties. This provision aims in particular at permitting the Commission and the national competition authorities to draw the courts' attention to issues of considerable importance for the consistent application of Community competition law. The national courts are not bound to follow an opinion expressed by the Commission or a national competition authority. Paragraph 3 is without prejudice to Article 234 of the EC Treaty.

The second subparagraph of paragraph 3 requires national courts to supply information to the Commission or the national competition authorities, as the case may be, in individual cases, but only upon specific request, in order to ensure that they have all relevant information about proceedings before a national court to which they intend to make written or oral submissions. It is essential for the Commission and the national competition authorities to be fully informed about the substance of the case, first in order to arrive at a well-founded decision about whether they want to make a submission in accordance with paragraph 3, and second in order to be able to make qualitatively satisfactory submissions.

25.

Article 16 - Uniform application of Community competition law


In the proposed new system Commission decisions will continue to play an important role in defining competition policy and - given their Community-wide effect - in maintaining consistency throughout the single market. Such decisions are Community acts within the meaning of Article 249 of the EC Treaty and are subject to a separate system of judicial control. National courts have no jurisdiction to review the validity of Community acts. This is the prerogative of the Community courts, which in the exercise of their jurisdiction ensure the uniform application of Community law in the interest of the Community legal order and legal certainty.

Maintaining consistent application is essential in an enforcement system in which parallel powers to apply Articles 81 and 82 are exercised by the Commission, national competition authorities and national courts. If significant differences in the application of these provisions were to develop the consistency of Community competition law and the proper functioning of the single market would be put at risk. It is therefore necessary to adopt measures addressing the danger of inconsistent application effectively.

Article 16 of the proposed Regulation imposes on national courts and national competition authorities an obligation to make every effort to avoid taking decisions that conflict with decisions adopted by the Commission. This rule is without prejudice to the case-law of the Court of Justice.

The objective of this Article is to create a system that limits the scope for conflicting decisions. It is essential to prevent national courts and national competition authorities from adopting decisions that contradict Commission decisions, as it would be detrimental to the proper functioning of the Community legal order if contradicting decisions based on the same body of law were to persist.

The potential for conflict depends on the operative part of the Commission decision and the facts on which it is based. When the Commission has found that there has been an infringement, national courts and national competition authorities must use every effort to avoid conflicts to the extent that the material facts are the same. This also applies to findings of inapplicability under Article 10 of the proposed Regulation.

National courts can avoid taking contradictory decisions, in particular, by making a preliminary reference to the Court of Justice under Article 234 of the EC Treaty or - in cases where a Commission decision is pending before the Community courts - by suspending their own proceedings. The outcome in both situations is that the issue is clarified by the Community courts with effect for the whole of the Community. National competition authorities can avoid taking conflicting decisions by consulting the Commission and - in cases where a Commission decision is pending before the Community courts - by suspending their own proceedings.

26.

CHAPTER V - POWERS OF INVESTIGATION


Article 17 - Inquiries into sectors of the economy

This Article takes over Article 12 of the existing Regulation No 17. The detection of infringements is achieved partly by monitoring markets. The instrument of sector enquiries, whereby the Commission can conduct general enquiries in a given sector if the evolution of the market suggests that competition is restricted, should therefore be maintained.

27.

Article 18 - Requests for information


This Article is based on Article 11 of the existing Regulation No 17.

The existing text does not require substantial modification. The proposed Article introduces only one minor amendment:

Paragraph 3 allows duly authorised lawyers to answer requests for information on behalf of their clients. However, companies remain responsible for the correctness of the information provided.

28.

Article 19 - Power to take statements


This Article creates a legal basis for the Commission to interview natural or legal persons, whether or not they are themselves the subject of the proceedings, and to record their statements. The provision fills a gap in the Commission's powers by allowing for oral submissions to be recorded and used as evidence in proceedings.

29.

Article 20 - The Commission's powers of inspection


This Article defines the Commission's powers of inspection. It is largely identical to Article 14 of the existing Regulation No 17, but in order to increase the effectiveness of inspections it proposes certain amendments.

Under the existing Regulation No 17, Commission officials are empowered to examine the books and other business records, take copies of or extracts from the books and business records, ask for oral explanations on the spot, and enter any premises, land and means of transport of undertakings. The proposal contains the following changes:

Paragraph 2 of the proposed Article introduces three new elements to complement the Commission's powers in order to safeguard the effectiveness of inspections:

First, paragraph 2(b) provides for the extension of the powers of search to private homes if there is reason to suspect that professional documents are kept there. This extension is based on experience gained in recent cases where it appeared that company employees kept relevant documents in their private homes. Evidence was found suggesting that incriminatory documents were deliberately stored in private homes. Under the existing rules, this enables companies effectively to undermine inspections by the Commission. In order to ensure that the effectiveness of inspections against secret infringements is maintained, it is therefore necessary to extend the powers of the Commission inspectors to search private homes of companies' personnel where professional documents are likely to be kept. Paragraph 7 of Article 20 ensures that the exercise of this power is subject to authorisation by a national court.

Secondly, paragraph 2(e) empowers Commission inspectors to seal cupboards and offices in order to make sure that no documents disappear during the inspection. This power serves to ensure the efficiency of inspections, in particular in cases where an inspection is carried out over more than one day and where the officials have to leave the premises of the company without having finished the inspection. Breaking of the seals is punishable by fines under Article 22 paragraph 1(d).

Thirdly, paragraph 2(f) stipulates, without prejudice to the case-law of the Court of Justice, that all questions related to the subject matter of the inspection can be asked by the Commission inspectors in the course of the inspection. This is necessary to increase the effectiveness of the investigations, as the wording of the present Article 14 of Regulation No 17 allows inspectors to ask only for oral explanations relating to documents.

Paragraph 8 codifies the Hoechst case-law i, in order to ensure uniform conditions for companies subject to Commission inspections throughout the single market.
[1989] ECR 2859.

When the Commission decides to carry out inspections under the present Article 14 i, the national authorities assisting it must, in most Member States, obtain an order from a court in order to overcome any opposition on the part of the undertakings. The Court of Justice held in Hoechst that the national court cannot substitute its assessment for that of the Commission and cannot question the validity of the Commission decision. The review by the national court is limited to checking the authenticity of the Commission decision and balancing the measures of constraint envisaged (i.e. the possibility for the Commission to proceed without the consent of the undertaking) against the subject matter of the inspection. To allow the court to fulfil this task, the Commission decision ordering the inspection must give an adequate statement of the reasons on which it is based.

The powers of courts in respect of the application of domestic competition laws differ from those they can exercise in respect of the application of Community competition law. This may introduce confusion in the proceedings, since some courts have a tendency to apply domestic standards to inspections based on Community law. In order to ensure that inspections by the Commission are governed by the same rules throughout the single market, it is considered indispensable to clearly state in the new Regulation the standards set out in the Hoechst judgment.

30.

Article 21 - Investigations by competition authorities of Member States


This Article is based on Article 13 of the existing Regulation No 17, adapted to the new implementing system. While continuing to allow Member States to conduct investigations on their territory on behalf of the Commission, it also enables them to carry out fact-finding measures on behalf of a competition authority of another Member State. This provision is necessary in order to allow effective cooperation between the competition authorities of the Member States. Such cooperation enables national competition authorities to deal with cases where some evidence is to be found in other Member States. Without such mechanisms a real decentralisation of the application of Community competition rules would be seriously hampered.

31.

CHAPTER VI - PENALTIES


Article 22 - Fines

There are two types of fine in Article 15 of the existing Regulation No 17: fines for breaches of procedural rules (requests for information, refusal to submit to an inspection, etc.) and fines for substantive breaches of Articles 81 and 82.

Paragraph 1 modifies the fines for breaches of procedural rules, which in the existing Regulation No 17 can be between EUR 100 and 5 000. These amounts no longer have any deterrent effect. It is proposed that these procedural fines be aligned on the ECSC Treaty, which provides for fines of up to 1% of the total annual turnover for these kinds of infringements (Article 47). The proposed Regulation also introduces penalties for refusing to answer oral questions during inspections or for breaking seals.

Paragraph 2 concerns fines for breaches of the substantive rules. It is not proposed that the level of this second category of fines should be changed (up to 10% of the total annual turnover). It is simply necessary to add to the list of infringements the violation of a decision granting interim measures and failure to comply with commitments made binding by decision.

Paragraph 4 introduces a new rule concerning infringements committed by associations of undertakings. The Treaty allows the imposition of fines on associations for breach of Community competition law. The Court of Justice has found that the fine can be calculated on the basis of the turnover of the members of the association. However, in practice, it is often impossible to recover the fine imposed: associations seldom have sufficient resources of their own to cover the payment and there is currently no legal means to recover the fine from members of the association. A new rule is therefore proposed permitting the Commission, in case of default on the part of an association, to recover the fine from its members at the time of the infringement.

32.

Article 23 - Periodic penalty payments


Rules on periodic penalty payments also have to be amended with regard to the amount stipulated in the Regulation (the existing Regulation No 17 provides for payments of from EUR 50 to 1 000 per day). It is proposed that a ceiling should be set on the basis of the total turnover: 5% of the average daily turnover for each day's delay. This is the amount provided for in the ECSC Treaty (Article 47).

Furthermore, the creation of new categories of decisions, i.e. decisions accepting commitments and decisions adopting interim measures, requires that it be possible to impose periodic penalty payments on undertakings if they fail to comply with such decision.

33.

CHAPTER VII - LIMITATION PERIODS


Article 24 - Limitation periods for the imposition of penalties

This Article takes over the rules on prescription from Regulation (EEC) No 2988/74 and integrates them into the proposed Regulation. As a result, Regulation (EEC) No 2988/74 will no longer apply to fines or periodic penalty payments covered by the proposed Regulation.

The provisions on prescription have been adapted to the new enforcement system. The only significant aspect relates to decentralised application under the proposed Regulation: Under Regulation (EEC) No 2988/74 prescription is interrupted by steps taken by the Member States only if they act at the Commission's request. The latter condition is here removed, so that prescription is also interrupted by measures taken by national competition authorities applying Articles 81 or 82, irrespective of any request from the Commission.

34.

Article 25 - Limitation period for the enforcement of penalties


Like Article 24, this Article takes over the rules on prescription from Regulation (EEC) No 2988/74 and integrates them into the proposed Regulation. The same adaptation has been made as for Article 24.

35.

CHAPTER VIII - HEARINGS AND PROFESSIONAL SECRECY


Article 26 - Hearing of the parties, complainants and others

On the basis of Article 19 of the existing Regulation No 17, the Commission has developed a practice of fair hearing and access to file which is partially set out in the 1997 notice on access to file. It is proposed that this Article should confirm the right of access to file, while leaving the detailed rules for a Commission notice.

36.

Article 27 - Professional secrecy


Paragraph 1 takes over the provision in Article 20 i of the existing Regulation No 17. It confines the use of information gathered under Articles 17 to 21 to the purpose for which it was collected. Article 27 i is subject to the application of the more specific rules of the Regulation, namely Article 12 and Article 15.

Paragraph 2 makes the obligation of professional secrecy laid down in Article 20 i of the existing Regulation No 17 applicable to all confidential information exchanged by the national competition authorities under the proposed Regulation. This provision complements the safeguards set out in Article 12 i.

37.

CHAPTER IX - BLOCK EXEMPTIONS


Article 28 - Adoption of block exemption regulations

At present, the Commission has been empowered by the Council to adopt block exemption regulations in the field of vertical agreements, intellectual property rights, specialisation and research and development agreements, insurance and certain fields of transport.

This Article empowers the Commission to adopt block exemption regulations, and sets out the conditions with which it must comply. The adoption of block exemption regulations requires that the Advisory Committee on Restrictive Practices and Dominant Positions be consulted twice.

38.

Article 29 - Withdrawal in particular cases


Paragraph 1 provides, in line with the existing legal framework, that the Commission is empowered to withdraw the benefit of a block exemption, for the future, if it finds upon an individual assessment that a specific agreement does not fulfil the conditions of Article 81 i.

Paragraph 2 proposes to give the national competition authorities the power to withdraw the benefit of block exemptions for their own territory on condition that the territory constitutes a distinct relevant geographic market. At present the national competition authorities have such a power only in respect of vertical agreements i. To ensure consistency in the application of block exemption regulations, which are Community acts, it is necessary to provide for prior consultation of the Commission in respect of national decisions withdrawing the benefit of a block exemption (see Article 11 i of the proposed Regulation).

39.

Article 30 - Regulations ending the application of a block exemption


This Article provides that the Commission may include in block exemption regulations a clause entitling it to exclude, by way of regulation, from their scope certain agreements or practices that are applied within a particular relevant market. Often anti-competitive effects are caused by the existence of a number of parallel agreements or networks of agreements i. In such cases it is inefficient to proceed by way of individual withdrawal in respect of each agreement or network. The proper response is to end the application of the block exemption to the particular market.

40.

CHAPTER X - GENERAL PROVISIONS


Article 31 - Publication of decisions

This Article is equivalent to Article 21 of the existing Regulation No 17.

41.

Article 32 - Review by the Court of Justice


This Article is identical to Article 17 of the existing Regulation No 17.

42.

Article 33 - Exclusions


This Article sets out areas to which the Regulation does not apply. These are certain areas of the sea and air transport sectors that are not covered by the present rules implementing Articles 81 and 82 (see Regulations (EEC) Nos 4056/86 and 3975/87).

43.

Article 34 - Implementing provisions


This Article establishes the right of the Commission to adopt implementing rules for the Regulation and lists certain particular areas that may be covered by such rules.

44.

CHAPTER XI - TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS


Article 35 - Transitional provisions

Paragraph 1 makes it clear that notifications and equivalent applications submitted under the existing Regulation No 17, Regulations (EEC) Nos 1017/68, 4056/86 and 3975/87 serve no further purpose upon the date of application of the proposed Regulation.

Subparagraph 2 of paragraph 1 draws the conclusion of the introduction of the new system by providing that existing exemption decisions cease to be valid on the date of application of the Regulation.

Paragraph 2 ensures that procedural steps taken under the existing Regulation No 17, Regulations (EEC) Nos 1017/68, 4056/86 and 3975/87 remain valid under the proposed new Regulation. Proceedings started under Articles 3 and 15 of the existing Regulation No 17, for example, will continue under the proposed Regulation, and be governed by the new rules from the date of their application.

45.

Article 36 - Designation of competition authorities of Member States


This Article requires the Member States to empower their national competition authorities to apply Articles 81 and 82 in their entirety in so far as national measures in addition to Article 6 may be needed. Full empowerment of the Member States' competition authorities is an indispensable precondition for efficient application of Articles 81 and 82 in the new decentralised enforcement system. It is also the precondition for the proper functioning of the network of competition authorities. Without it, case allocation could not take place as envisaged, and the Commission might be forced to take up a disproportionate share of cases concerning the markets of a Member State whose authority is unable to apply Articles 81 and 82.

46.

Article 37 - Amendment of Regulation (EEC) No 1017/68


This Article repeals specific procedural rules contained in Regulation (EEC) No 1017/68, leaving in force the substantive rules the Regulation lays down. The amendments are required in order to create an implementing system which includes the transport sector.

47.

Article 38 - Amendment of Regulation (EEC) No 2988/74


This Article makes Regulation (EEC) No 2988/74 inapplicable to the fines and periodic penalty payments provided for in the proposed Regulation.

48.

Article 39 - Amendment of Regulation (EEC) No 4056/86


This Article repeals procedural rules contained in Regulation (EEC) No 4056/86, leaving in force the substantive rules the Regulation lays down. The amendments are required in order to create an implementing system which includes the transport sector.

49.

Article 40 - Amendment of Regulation (EEC) No 3975/87


This Article repeals specific procedural rules contained in Regulation (EEC) No 3975/87, leaving in force the substantive rules the Regulation lays down. The amendments are required in order to create an implementing system which includes the transport sector.

50.

Article 41 - Repeals


This Article lists the Regulations to be replaced by the present Regulation.

51.

Article 42 - Entry into force


This Article regulates the entry into force of the Regulation.